561
Index
crusts in areas of subduction venting 473
δ
13
C in marine carbonates 351ff
δ
18
O in marine carbonates 343ff, 504
deep-sea sediments 10
density 39
dissolution 314ff, 317ff, 325f, 326ff, 345, 351f
dissolution kinetic 328f
dissolution vers. org. carbon mineralization 331
distribution of dissolution rates 332
effects of differential dissolution on δ
13
C 352f
formation related to anaerobic methane oxidation
473 (→ gas hydrates)
Heterozoan association 312
pelagic calcareous sediments 315ff
phosphatic particles 9
Photozoan association 312
production 17, 22, 315ff, 324
reefs 10, 312ff, 325
saturation levels 315
shallow-water carbonates 8ff, 311ff
Calyptogena clams 505f
Carbon
14
C 154, 196
benthic release 330ff
C/N and C/N/P ratios → organic carbon
fluxes from deep-sea sediments 327ff
photosynthetic fixation 347ff, 351
stable isotope ratios 151f
→ organic carbon
Carbon dioxide
air-sea exchange 346f
concentration in the Vostok ice core 245
δ
13
CO 2 -minimum due to sulfate-methane reaction
281f, 351
δ
13
C ΣCO2 of seawater (→) 346f
distribution in the water column 210, 317
estimation of surface water concentration 349f
flow injection analysis 103
in gas hydrates 482ff
in-situ measurements 110
influence of decompression on pore water conc.
93ff
iron hypothesis 244f
kinetic fractionation during photosynthesis (ε p )
339ff
partial pressure (pCO 2 ) 318ff
pore water δ
13
C 350f
pore water profile 274
reconstruction of paleo-pCO 2 348f
release 317, 320f, 327ff
solubility 327f
total flux measurements 224
total flux rates 110, 224
water column profile 317
→ inorganic carbon
Carbonates 311ff
carbonate fluorapatite (francolite) 255, 398
clathrites 503f (→ gas hydrates)
precipitations through microbial activity 504ff
Carbonic acid 311, 318
Catabolic metabolism 187
Catagenesis 489
→ hydrocarbons, gas hydrates
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) 392, 457, 463ff
→ black smokers
Chimneys 462ff
Chloride
anomalies of pore water concentrations 495ff
(→ gas hydrates)
chloride-metal complexes 461, 466
determination by ion-chromatography 104
pore water profiles 88, 495ff
solid phase profile 118
Chlorite 5ff, 376
global distribution 22
influence of hydrothermal fluids 460
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) 343, 347, 408
Clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zone 381,
383f, 387f
Clatrathes (→ gas hydrates)
air clathrates 484
Clay minerals 5ff
adsorption capacity 5, 132
authigenic formation 10, 256f
cation release 7
crystal structure 5ff
global distribution 19ff
sinking velocity 130f
Coastal upwelling 128, 130, 221, 298
Cobalt
Co-rich Mn crusts 390ff
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 374, 392
deep-sea residence time 375
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
Cold seeps → fluid venting
Colloid coagulation
influence of ionic strength 241f
Computer models
CoTAM/CoTReM 77f, 213, 524, 538ff
EQ 3/6 517
PHREEQE/PHREEQC 318ff, 515ff, 537ff
SOLMINEQ 318, 322f, 517
Index
crusts in areas of subduction venting 473
δ
13
C in marine carbonates 351ff
δ
18
O in marine carbonates 343ff, 504
deep-sea sediments 10
density 39
dissolution 314ff, 317ff, 325f, 326ff, 345, 351f
dissolution kinetic 328f
dissolution vers. org. carbon mineralization 331
distribution of dissolution rates 332
effects of differential dissolution on δ
13
C 352f
formation related to anaerobic methane oxidation
473 (→ gas hydrates)
Heterozoan association 312
pelagic calcareous sediments 315ff
phosphatic particles 9
Photozoan association 312
production 17, 22, 315ff, 324
reefs 10, 312ff, 325
saturation levels 315
shallow-water carbonates 8ff, 311ff
Calyptogena clams 505f
Carbon
14
C 154, 196
benthic release 330ff
C/N and C/N/P ratios → organic carbon
fluxes from deep-sea sediments 327ff
photosynthetic fixation 347ff, 351
stable isotope ratios 151f
→ organic carbon
Carbon dioxide
air-sea exchange 346f
concentration in the Vostok ice core 245
δ
13
CO 2 -minimum due to sulfate-methane reaction
281f, 351
δ
13
C ΣCO2 of seawater (→) 346f
distribution in the water column 210, 317
estimation of surface water concentration 349f
flow injection analysis 103
in gas hydrates 482ff
in-situ measurements 110
influence of decompression on pore water conc.
93ff
iron hypothesis 244f
kinetic fractionation during photosynthesis (ε p )
339ff
partial pressure (pCO 2 ) 318ff
pore water δ
13
C 350f
pore water profile 274
reconstruction of paleo-pCO 2 348f
release 317, 320f, 327ff
solubility 327f
total flux measurements 224
total flux rates 110, 224
water column profile 317
→ inorganic carbon
Carbonates 311ff
carbonate fluorapatite (francolite) 255, 398
clathrites 503f (→ gas hydrates)
precipitations through microbial activity 504ff
Carbonic acid 311, 318
Catabolic metabolism 187
Catagenesis 489
→ hydrocarbons, gas hydrates
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) 392, 457, 463ff
→ black smokers
Chimneys 462ff
Chloride
anomalies of pore water concentrations 495ff
(→ gas hydrates)
chloride-metal complexes 461, 466
determination by ion-chromatography 104
pore water profiles 88, 495ff
solid phase profile 118
Chlorite 5ff, 376
global distribution 22
influence of hydrothermal fluids 460
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) 343, 347, 408
Clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zone 381,
383f, 387f
Clatrathes (→ gas hydrates)
air clathrates 484
Clay minerals 5ff
adsorption capacity 5, 132
authigenic formation 10, 256f
cation release 7
crystal structure 5ff
global distribution 19ff
sinking velocity 130f
Coastal upwelling 128, 130, 221, 298
Cobalt
Co-rich Mn crusts 390ff
concentration in pelagic clay 376
... average shale 376
... seawater 374, 392
deep-sea residence time 375
deposition rates in dust 377
... organic aggregates 377
... red clay 377
Cold seeps → fluid venting
Colloid coagulation
influence of ionic strength 241f
Computer models
CoTAM/CoTReM 77f, 213, 524, 538ff
EQ 3/6 517
PHREEQE/PHREEQC 318ff, 515ff, 537ff
SOLMINEQ 318, 322f, 517