13 Input from the Deep: Hot Vents and Cold Seeps
478
structure of hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges.
Geological Society of American Bulletin, 94: 161-180.
Mottl, M.J. and McConachy, T.F., 1990. Chemical
processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the
East Pacific Rise near 21°N. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 1911-1927.
Oudin, E., 1983. Hydrothermal sulfide deposits of the
East Pacific Rise ( 21°N ) part I: descriptive
mineralogy. Marine Mining, 4: 39-72.
Perfit, M.R., Fornari, D.J., Malahoff, A. and Embley,
R.W., 1983. Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas
recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos
Rift, Inca Transform, and Equador Rift, 3. Trace
Element abundances and pertogenesis. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 88: 10551-10572.
Petersen, S., Herzig, P. M., and Hannington, M. D.,
2000. Third dimension of a presently forming VMS
deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, 26°N. Mineralium Deposita, 35: 233-259.
Ritger, S., Carson, B. and Suess, E., 1987. Methane -
derived authigenic carbonates formed by subductioninduced pore-water expulsion along the Oregon/
Washington margin. Geological Society of American
Bulletin, 98: 147-156.
Rona, P.A., 1988. Hydrothermal mineralization at ocean
ridges. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 431-465.
Rona, P.A. and Scott, S.D., 1993. A special issue on sea -
floor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives.
Canadian Mineralogist, 88: 1935-1976.
Rona, P.A., Hannington, M.D., Raman, C.V., Thompson,
G., Tivey, M.K., Humphris, S.E., Lalou, C. and
Petersen, S., 1993. Active and relict sea-floor
hydrothermal mineralization at the TAG Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Economic Geology,
88: 1989-2017.
Sakai, H., Gamo, T., Kim, E-S., Tsutsumi, M., Tanaka,
T., Ishibashi, J., Wakita, H., Yamano, M., and
Oomori, T., 1990. Venting of carbon dioxide-rich
fluid and hydrate formation in mid-Okinawa trough
backarc basin. Science, 248: 1093-1096.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.) and Mottl, M.J., 1982. Hydrothermal
alteration of basalt by seawater under seawaterdominated conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 46: 985-1002.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Berndt, M.E. and Janecky, D.R.,
1986. Chloride depletions and enrichments in
seafloor hydrothermal fluids: Constraints from
experimental basalt alteration studies. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 50: 469-475.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Berndt, M.E. and Seewald, J.S., 1988.
Hydrothermal alteration processes at mid - ocean
ridges: constraints from diabase alteration experiments, hot - spring fluids and composition of the
oceanic crust. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 787 - 804.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Ding, K., Berndt, M.E., and Chen,
X., 1999. Experimental and theoretical controls on
the composition of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal
fluids. In: Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D. (eds)
Volcanic-associated Massive Sulfide Deposits:
Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient
Settings: Reviews in Economic Geology, 8: 181-200.
Shanks, W.C., III, 2001. Stable isotopes in seafloor
and G. McArthur, 1989. Gold distribution and genesis
in Australian volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits
and their significance for gold transport models.
Economic Geology Monograph 6: 520-536.
Leggett, J., 1990. The nature of the greenhouse threat.
In: Leggett, J. (ed) Global Warming, The Greenpeace
Report. Oxford University Press, NY: 14-43.
LeHuray, A.P., Church, S.E., Koski, R.A. and Bouse,
R.M., 1988. Pb isotopes in sulfides from mid-ocean
ridge hydrothermal sites. Geology, 16: 362-365.
Lowell, R.P., 1991. Modeling continental and submarine
hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Geophysics, 29:
457-476.
Lowell, R.P., Rona, P.A. and von Herzen, R.P., 1995.
Seafloor hydrothermal systems. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 327-352.
Lupton, J.E. and Craig, H., 1981. A major helium-3
source at 15°S on the East Pacific Rise. Science, 214:
13-18.
Lupton, J.E., 1983. Fluxes of helium-3 and heat from
submarine hydrothermal systems; Guaymas Basin
versus 21°N EPR. American Geophysical Union
Transactions, 64: 723.
Lupton, P., Lilley, M., Olson, E. and von Damm, K.L.,
1991. Gas chemistry of vent fluids from 9°-10°N on
the East Pacific Rise. American Geophysical Union
Transactions, 72: 481.
Massoth, G.J., Butterfield, D., Lupton, J.E., McDuff,
R.E., Lilley, M.D. and Jonasson, I.R., 1989.
Submarine venting of phase-separated hydrothermal
fluids at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature,
340: 702-7ß5.
Massoth, G.J., de Ronde, C.E.J., Lupton, J.E., Feely,
R.A., Baker, E.T., Lebon, G.T., and Maenner, S.M.,
2003. Chemically rich and diverse submarine
hydrothermal plumes of the southern Kermadec
volcanic arc (New Zealand). In: Larter, R. and Leat,
P. (eds) Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic
and Magmatic Processes, Geological Society of
London Special Publication 219: 119-139.
Metz, S. and Trefry, J.H., 1993. Field and laboratory
studies of metal uptake and release by hydrothermal
precipitates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98:
9661-9666.
Michard, A., Albarede, F., Michard, G., Minster, J.F. and
Charlou, J.L., 1983. Rare-earth elements and uranium in
high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent field (13°N). Nature, 303: 795-797.
Michard, A., 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
53: 745-750.
Miller, A.R., Densmore, C.D., Degens, E.T., Hathaway,
F.C., Manheim, F.T., McFarlen, P.F., Pocklington, H.
and Jokela, A., 1966. Hot brines and recent iron
deposits in deeps of the Red Sea. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 30: 341-359.
Morton, J.L. and Sleep, N.H., 1985. A mid - ocean ridge
thermal model: Constraints on the volume of axial
heat flux. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:
11345-11353.
Mottl, M.J., 1983. Metabasalts, axial hot - springs, and the
478
structure of hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges.
Geological Society of American Bulletin, 94: 161-180.
Mottl, M.J. and McConachy, T.F., 1990. Chemical
processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the
East Pacific Rise near 21°N. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 1911-1927.
Oudin, E., 1983. Hydrothermal sulfide deposits of the
East Pacific Rise ( 21°N ) part I: descriptive
mineralogy. Marine Mining, 4: 39-72.
Perfit, M.R., Fornari, D.J., Malahoff, A. and Embley,
R.W., 1983. Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas
recovered by DSRV Alvin from eastern Galapagos
Rift, Inca Transform, and Equador Rift, 3. Trace
Element abundances and pertogenesis. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 88: 10551-10572.
Petersen, S., Herzig, P. M., and Hannington, M. D.,
2000. Third dimension of a presently forming VMS
deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, 26°N. Mineralium Deposita, 35: 233-259.
Ritger, S., Carson, B. and Suess, E., 1987. Methane -
derived authigenic carbonates formed by subductioninduced pore-water expulsion along the Oregon/
Washington margin. Geological Society of American
Bulletin, 98: 147-156.
Rona, P.A., 1988. Hydrothermal mineralization at ocean
ridges. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 431-465.
Rona, P.A. and Scott, S.D., 1993. A special issue on sea -
floor hydrothermal mineralization: new perspectives.
Canadian Mineralogist, 88: 1935-1976.
Rona, P.A., Hannington, M.D., Raman, C.V., Thompson,
G., Tivey, M.K., Humphris, S.E., Lalou, C. and
Petersen, S., 1993. Active and relict sea-floor
hydrothermal mineralization at the TAG Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Economic Geology,
88: 1989-2017.
Sakai, H., Gamo, T., Kim, E-S., Tsutsumi, M., Tanaka,
T., Ishibashi, J., Wakita, H., Yamano, M., and
Oomori, T., 1990. Venting of carbon dioxide-rich
fluid and hydrate formation in mid-Okinawa trough
backarc basin. Science, 248: 1093-1096.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.) and Mottl, M.J., 1982. Hydrothermal
alteration of basalt by seawater under seawaterdominated conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 46: 985-1002.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Berndt, M.E. and Janecky, D.R.,
1986. Chloride depletions and enrichments in
seafloor hydrothermal fluids: Constraints from
experimental basalt alteration studies. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 50: 469-475.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Berndt, M.E. and Seewald, J.S., 1988.
Hydrothermal alteration processes at mid - ocean
ridges: constraints from diabase alteration experiments, hot - spring fluids and composition of the
oceanic crust. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 787 - 804.
Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), Ding, K., Berndt, M.E., and Chen,
X., 1999. Experimental and theoretical controls on
the composition of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal
fluids. In: Barrie, C.T., and Hannington, M.D. (eds)
Volcanic-associated Massive Sulfide Deposits:
Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient
Settings: Reviews in Economic Geology, 8: 181-200.
Shanks, W.C., III, 2001. Stable isotopes in seafloor
and G. McArthur, 1989. Gold distribution and genesis
in Australian volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits
and their significance for gold transport models.
Economic Geology Monograph 6: 520-536.
Leggett, J., 1990. The nature of the greenhouse threat.
In: Leggett, J. (ed) Global Warming, The Greenpeace
Report. Oxford University Press, NY: 14-43.
LeHuray, A.P., Church, S.E., Koski, R.A. and Bouse,
R.M., 1988. Pb isotopes in sulfides from mid-ocean
ridge hydrothermal sites. Geology, 16: 362-365.
Lowell, R.P., 1991. Modeling continental and submarine
hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Geophysics, 29:
457-476.
Lowell, R.P., Rona, P.A. and von Herzen, R.P., 1995.
Seafloor hydrothermal systems. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100: 327-352.
Lupton, J.E. and Craig, H., 1981. A major helium-3
source at 15°S on the East Pacific Rise. Science, 214:
13-18.
Lupton, J.E., 1983. Fluxes of helium-3 and heat from
submarine hydrothermal systems; Guaymas Basin
versus 21°N EPR. American Geophysical Union
Transactions, 64: 723.
Lupton, P., Lilley, M., Olson, E. and von Damm, K.L.,
1991. Gas chemistry of vent fluids from 9°-10°N on
the East Pacific Rise. American Geophysical Union
Transactions, 72: 481.
Massoth, G.J., Butterfield, D., Lupton, J.E., McDuff,
R.E., Lilley, M.D. and Jonasson, I.R., 1989.
Submarine venting of phase-separated hydrothermal
fluids at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature,
340: 702-7ß5.
Massoth, G.J., de Ronde, C.E.J., Lupton, J.E., Feely,
R.A., Baker, E.T., Lebon, G.T., and Maenner, S.M.,
2003. Chemically rich and diverse submarine
hydrothermal plumes of the southern Kermadec
volcanic arc (New Zealand). In: Larter, R. and Leat,
P. (eds) Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic
and Magmatic Processes, Geological Society of
London Special Publication 219: 119-139.
Metz, S. and Trefry, J.H., 1993. Field and laboratory
studies of metal uptake and release by hydrothermal
precipitates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98:
9661-9666.
Michard, A., Albarede, F., Michard, G., Minster, J.F. and
Charlou, J.L., 1983. Rare-earth elements and uranium in
high-temperature solutions from East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent field (13°N). Nature, 303: 795-797.
Michard, A., 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
53: 745-750.
Miller, A.R., Densmore, C.D., Degens, E.T., Hathaway,
F.C., Manheim, F.T., McFarlen, P.F., Pocklington, H.
and Jokela, A., 1966. Hot brines and recent iron
deposits in deeps of the Red Sea. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 30: 341-359.
Morton, J.L. and Sleep, N.H., 1985. A mid - ocean ridge
thermal model: Constraints on the volume of axial
heat flux. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:
11345-11353.
Mottl, M.J., 1983. Metabasalts, axial hot - springs, and the