477
Haymon, R.M. and Kastner, M., 1981. Hot spring
deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: Preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 53: 363-381.
Haymon, R.M., 1983. Growth history of hydrothermal
black smoker chimneys. Nature, 301: 695-698.
Haymon, R.M.; Fornari, D.J., von Damm, K.L., Lilley,
M.D., Perfit, M.R., Edmond, J.M., Shanks, W.C. III,
Lutz, R.A., Grebmeier, J.M., Carbotte, S., Wright, D.,
McLaughlin, E., Smith, M., Beedle, N. and Olson, E.,
1993. Volcanic eruption of the mid - ocean ridge
along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52’N: Direct
submersible observations of seafloor phenomena
associated with an eruption event in April, 1991.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119: 85-101.
Hedenquist, J.W. and Lowenstern, J.B., 1994. The role of
magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore
deposits. Nature, 370: 519-526.
Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R.D.,
Choukroune, P., Cheminée, J.L., Albaréde, F.,
Minster, J.F., Charlou,J.L., Marty, J.C. and Boulégue,
J., 1983. Intense hydrothermal activity at the rise
axis of the East Pacific Rise near 13°N: Submersible
witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney. Marine
Geology Research, 6: 1-14.
Hemley, J.J., Cygan, G.L., Fein, J.B., Robinson, G.R. and
D’Angelo, W.M., 1992. Hydrothermal ore - forming
processes in the light of studies in the rock-buffered
systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility
relations. Economic Geology, 87: 1-22.
Herzig, P.M. and Plüger, W.L., 1988. Exploration for hydrothermal mineralisation near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 721-736.
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington, M.D., 1995. Polymetallic
massive sulfides at the modern seafloor: A review. Ore
Geology Reviews, 10: 95-115.
Herzig, P.M., Hannington, M.D. and Arribas, A.(jr.).,
1998. Sulfur isotopic composition of hydrothermal
precipitates from the Lau back-arc: implications for
magmatic contributions to seafloor hydrothermal
systems. Mineralium Deposita, 33: 226-237.
Humphris, S.H., Herzig, P.M., Miller, D.J.,Alt, J.C.,
Becker, K., Brown, D., Brügmann, G., Chiba, H.,
Fouquet, Y., Gemmell, J.B., Guerin, G., Hannington,
M.D., Holm, N.G., Honnorez, J.J., Itturino, G.J.,
Knott, R., Ludwig, R., Nakamura, K., Petersen, S.,
Reysenbach, A.L., Rona, P.A., Smith, S., Sturz, A.A.,
Tivey, M.K. and Zhao, X., 1995. The internal
structure of an active sea-floor massive sulfide
deposit. Nature, 377: 713-716.
Janecky, D.R. and Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), 1984. Formation of
massiv sulfide deposits on ocean ridge crests:
Incremental reaction models for mixing between
hydrothermal solutions and seawater. Geochimica et
Cosmochmica Acta, 48: 2723-2738.
Janecky, D.R. and Shanks, W.C.III, 1988. Computational
modelling of chemical and isotopic reaction processes
in seafloor hydrothermal systems: chimneys, massive
sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Canadian
Mineralogist, 26: 805-825.
Johnson, H.P. and Tunnicliffe, V., 1985. Time series
measurements of hydrothermal activity on the
northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research
Letters, 12: 685-688.
Kadko, D. and Moore, W., 1988. Radiochemical
constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine
hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 659-668.
Kastner, M., Craig, H. and Sturz, A., 1987. Hydrothermal
deposition in the Mariana Trough: Preliminary mineralogical investigations. American Geophysical
Union Transactions, 68: 1531.
Katz, D.L., Cornell, D., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F.H.,
Vary, J.A., Elenblass, J.R. and Weinaug, C.F., 1959.
Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, 802. McGrawHill, NY, 802 pp.
Keays, R.R., 1987. Principles of mobilization (dissolution) of metals in mafic and ultramafic rocks - The
role of immiscible magmatic sulphides in the
generation of hydrothermal gold and volcanogenic
massiv sulphide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 2:
47-63.
Klinkhammer, G.P., Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., Rona,
P.A. and Nelson, T., 1986. Manganese geochemistry
near high-temperature vents in the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge rift valley. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
80: 230-240.
Klinkhammer, G.P., Chin, C.S., Wilson, C. and German,
C.R., 1995. Venting from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at
37°17’N: the Lucky Strike hydrothermal site. In.
Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (eds)
Hydrothermal vents and processes. Geological Society
Special Publication, 87: 87-96.
Koski, R.A., Shanks, W.C.I., Bohrson, W.A. and Oscarson,
R.L., 1988. The composition of massiv sulfide
deposits from the sediment-covered floor of Escanaba
Trough, Gorda Ridge: implications for depositional
processes. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 655-673.
Koski, R.A., Jonasson, I.R., Kadko, D.C., Smith, V.K. and
Wong, F.L., 1994. Compositions, growth mechanisms, and temporal relations of hydrothermal
sulfide-sulfate-silica chimneys at the northern Cleft
segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 99: 4813-4832.
Kvenvolden, K.A. and McMenamin, 1980. Hydrate of
natural gas. A review of their geological occurrence.
U. S. Geological Survey Circular, 825: 11.
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1988. Methane hydrate - a major
reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere.
Chemical Geology, 71: 41-51.
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates - Geological Perspective and global change. Reviews of Geophysics,
31: 173-187.
Lafitte, M., Maury, R., Perseil, E.A. and Boulegue, J.,
1985. Morphological and analytical study of
hydrothermal sulfides from 21° north East Pacific
Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 73: 53-64.
Lalou, C., Reyss, J.L., Brichet, E., Arnold, M.,
Thompson, G., Fouquet, Y. and Rona, P.A., 1993.
New age data for Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal
sites: TAG and Snakepit chronology. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 98: 9705-9713.
Large, R.R., D.L. Huston, P.J. McGoldrick, P.A. Ruxton,
References
Haymon, R.M. and Kastner, M., 1981. Hot spring
deposits on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: Preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 53: 363-381.
Haymon, R.M., 1983. Growth history of hydrothermal
black smoker chimneys. Nature, 301: 695-698.
Haymon, R.M.; Fornari, D.J., von Damm, K.L., Lilley,
M.D., Perfit, M.R., Edmond, J.M., Shanks, W.C. III,
Lutz, R.A., Grebmeier, J.M., Carbotte, S., Wright, D.,
McLaughlin, E., Smith, M., Beedle, N. and Olson, E.,
1993. Volcanic eruption of the mid - ocean ridge
along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52’N: Direct
submersible observations of seafloor phenomena
associated with an eruption event in April, 1991.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119: 85-101.
Hedenquist, J.W. and Lowenstern, J.B., 1994. The role of
magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore
deposits. Nature, 370: 519-526.
Hekinian, R., Francheteau, J., Renard, V., Ballard, R.D.,
Choukroune, P., Cheminée, J.L., Albaréde, F.,
Minster, J.F., Charlou,J.L., Marty, J.C. and Boulégue,
J., 1983. Intense hydrothermal activity at the rise
axis of the East Pacific Rise near 13°N: Submersible
witnesses the growth of sulfide chimney. Marine
Geology Research, 6: 1-14.
Hemley, J.J., Cygan, G.L., Fein, J.B., Robinson, G.R. and
D’Angelo, W.M., 1992. Hydrothermal ore - forming
processes in the light of studies in the rock-buffered
systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility
relations. Economic Geology, 87: 1-22.
Herzig, P.M. and Plüger, W.L., 1988. Exploration for hydrothermal mineralisation near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 721-736.
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington, M.D., 1995. Polymetallic
massive sulfides at the modern seafloor: A review. Ore
Geology Reviews, 10: 95-115.
Herzig, P.M., Hannington, M.D. and Arribas, A.(jr.).,
1998. Sulfur isotopic composition of hydrothermal
precipitates from the Lau back-arc: implications for
magmatic contributions to seafloor hydrothermal
systems. Mineralium Deposita, 33: 226-237.
Humphris, S.H., Herzig, P.M., Miller, D.J.,Alt, J.C.,
Becker, K., Brown, D., Brügmann, G., Chiba, H.,
Fouquet, Y., Gemmell, J.B., Guerin, G., Hannington,
M.D., Holm, N.G., Honnorez, J.J., Itturino, G.J.,
Knott, R., Ludwig, R., Nakamura, K., Petersen, S.,
Reysenbach, A.L., Rona, P.A., Smith, S., Sturz, A.A.,
Tivey, M.K. and Zhao, X., 1995. The internal
structure of an active sea-floor massive sulfide
deposit. Nature, 377: 713-716.
Janecky, D.R. and Seyfried, W.E.(jr.), 1984. Formation of
massiv sulfide deposits on ocean ridge crests:
Incremental reaction models for mixing between
hydrothermal solutions and seawater. Geochimica et
Cosmochmica Acta, 48: 2723-2738.
Janecky, D.R. and Shanks, W.C.III, 1988. Computational
modelling of chemical and isotopic reaction processes
in seafloor hydrothermal systems: chimneys, massive
sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Canadian
Mineralogist, 26: 805-825.
Johnson, H.P. and Tunnicliffe, V., 1985. Time series
measurements of hydrothermal activity on the
northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research
Letters, 12: 685-688.
Kadko, D. and Moore, W., 1988. Radiochemical
constraints on the crustal residence time of submarine
hydrothermal fluids: Endeavour Ridge. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 659-668.
Kastner, M., Craig, H. and Sturz, A., 1987. Hydrothermal
deposition in the Mariana Trough: Preliminary mineralogical investigations. American Geophysical
Union Transactions, 68: 1531.
Katz, D.L., Cornell, D., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F.H.,
Vary, J.A., Elenblass, J.R. and Weinaug, C.F., 1959.
Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, 802. McGrawHill, NY, 802 pp.
Keays, R.R., 1987. Principles of mobilization (dissolution) of metals in mafic and ultramafic rocks - The
role of immiscible magmatic sulphides in the
generation of hydrothermal gold and volcanogenic
massiv sulphide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 2:
47-63.
Klinkhammer, G.P., Elderfield, H., Greaves, M., Rona,
P.A. and Nelson, T., 1986. Manganese geochemistry
near high-temperature vents in the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge rift valley. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
80: 230-240.
Klinkhammer, G.P., Chin, C.S., Wilson, C. and German,
C.R., 1995. Venting from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at
37°17’N: the Lucky Strike hydrothermal site. In.
Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (eds)
Hydrothermal vents and processes. Geological Society
Special Publication, 87: 87-96.
Koski, R.A., Shanks, W.C.I., Bohrson, W.A. and Oscarson,
R.L., 1988. The composition of massiv sulfide
deposits from the sediment-covered floor of Escanaba
Trough, Gorda Ridge: implications for depositional
processes. Canadian Mineralogist, 26: 655-673.
Koski, R.A., Jonasson, I.R., Kadko, D.C., Smith, V.K. and
Wong, F.L., 1994. Compositions, growth mechanisms, and temporal relations of hydrothermal
sulfide-sulfate-silica chimneys at the northern Cleft
segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 99: 4813-4832.
Kvenvolden, K.A. and McMenamin, 1980. Hydrate of
natural gas. A review of their geological occurrence.
U. S. Geological Survey Circular, 825: 11.
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1988. Methane hydrate - a major
reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere.
Chemical Geology, 71: 41-51.
Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates - Geological Perspective and global change. Reviews of Geophysics,
31: 173-187.
Lafitte, M., Maury, R., Perseil, E.A. and Boulegue, J.,
1985. Morphological and analytical study of
hydrothermal sulfides from 21° north East Pacific
Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 73: 53-64.
Lalou, C., Reyss, J.L., Brichet, E., Arnold, M.,
Thompson, G., Fouquet, Y. and Rona, P.A., 1993.
New age data for Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal
sites: TAG and Snakepit chronology. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 98: 9705-9713.
Large, R.R., D.L. Huston, P.J. McGoldrick, P.A. Ruxton,
References