427
Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2004a. Tracing the history
of submarine hydrothermal inputs and the significance of
hydrothermal hafnium for the seawater budget—a combined
Pb-Hf-Nd approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
222: 259-273.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R.,
Hattendorf, B., Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2004b. Deep
and bottom water export from the Southern Ocean to the
Pacific over the past 38 million years. Paleoceanograpy,
19: PA1020
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N., Reynolds,
B.C. and Hein, J.R., 2004c. New constraints on the sources
and behavior of neodymium and hafnium in seawater from
Pacifc Ocean ferromanganese crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 68: 3827-3843.
Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), 1980. Geology and
geochemistry of manganese. Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Budapest, 3 volumes.
Varentsov, I.M., Drits, V.A., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V. and
Sakharov, B.A., 1991a. Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crusts from
Krylov Seamount (Eastern Atlantic): Mineralogy,
geochemistry and genesis. Marine Geology, 96: 53-70.
Varentsov, I.M., Drits, V.A. and Gorshkov, A.I., 1991b. Rare
earth element indicators of Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crust
formation on Krylov Seamount, Eastern Atlantic. Marine
Geology, 96: 71-84.
von Blanckenburg, F. O’Nions, R.K. and Hein, J.R., 1996a.
Distribution and source of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes
in deep ocean water from Mn-Fe crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 60: 4957-4963.
von Blanckenburg, F., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N.S., Gibb, A.
and Hein, J.R., 1996b. Global distribution of beryllium
isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 141: 213-226.
von der Haar, D.L., Mahoney, J.J. and McMurtry, G.M., 1995.
An evaluation of strontium isotopic dating of
ferromanganese oxides in a marine hydrogenous crust.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 4267-4277.
von Langen, P., Johnson, K.S., Coale, K.H. and Elrod, V.A.,
1997. Oxidation kinetics of manganese (II) in seawater in
nanomolar concentrations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 61: 4945-4954.
von Stackelberg, U., 1997. Growth history of manganese nodules
and crusts of the Peru Basin. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R.,
Bühn, B. and Dasgupta S. (eds), Manganese mineralization:
Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine
deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119: 153176.
von Stackelberg, U., 2000. Manganese nodules of the Peru
Basin. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed.), Handbook of marine minerals.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 197-238.
von Stackelberg, U., Kunzendorf, H., Marchig, V. and Gwozdz,
R., 1984. Growth history of a large manganese crust from
the Equatorial North Pacific Nodule Belt. Geologishes
Jahrbuch, 75A: 213-235.
von Stackelberg, U. and Marchig, V., 1987. Manganese nodules
from the equatorial North Pacific Ocean. Geologishes
Jahrbuch, 87D: 123-227.
von Stackelberg, U. and Beiersdorf, H., 1991. The formation
of manganese nodules between the Clarion and Clipperton
fracture zones southeast of Hawaii. Marine Geology, 98:
411-423.
References
Wallace, H.E., Thomson, J., Wilson, T.R.S., Weaver, P.P.E.,
Higgs, N.C., Hydes, D.J., 1988. Active diagenetic formation
of metal-rich layers in N.E. Atlantic sediments. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 1557-1569.
Wallner, C., Faestermann, T., Gerstmann, U., Knie, K.,
Korschinek, G., Lierse, C. and Rugel, G., 2003. Supernova
produced and anthropogenic
244 Pu in deep sea manganese
encrustations. New Astronomy Reviews, 48: 145-150.
Waychunas, G.A., 1991. Crystal chemistry of oxides and
oxyhydroxides. Reviews in Mineralogy, 25: 11-68.
Wiltshire, J.C., 2000. Innovations in marine ferromanganese
oxide tailings disposal. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed.), Handbook of
marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 281305.
Wiltshire, J.C., Wen, X.Y and Yao, D., 1999. Ferromanganese
crusts near Johnson Island: Geochemistry, stratigraphy and
economic potential. Marine Georesources and
Geotechnology, 17: 257-270.
Xu, D., 1997. Paleo-ocean events and mineralization in the
Pacific. Proceedings of the 30
th International Geological
Congress, Vol. 13: 129-144.
Yeats, P.A. and Strain, P.M., 1990. The oxidation rate of
manganese in seawater: Rate constants based on field data.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 31: 11-24.
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.,
2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate
65 Ma to present. Science, 292: 686-693.
Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2004a. Tracing the history
of submarine hydrothermal inputs and the significance of
hydrothermal hafnium for the seawater budget—a combined
Pb-Hf-Nd approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
222: 259-273.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R.,
Hattendorf, B., Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2004b. Deep
and bottom water export from the Southern Ocean to the
Pacific over the past 38 million years. Paleoceanograpy,
19: PA1020
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N., Reynolds,
B.C. and Hein, J.R., 2004c. New constraints on the sources
and behavior of neodymium and hafnium in seawater from
Pacifc Ocean ferromanganese crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 68: 3827-3843.
Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), 1980. Geology and
geochemistry of manganese. Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Budapest, 3 volumes.
Varentsov, I.M., Drits, V.A., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V. and
Sakharov, B.A., 1991a. Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crusts from
Krylov Seamount (Eastern Atlantic): Mineralogy,
geochemistry and genesis. Marine Geology, 96: 53-70.
Varentsov, I.M., Drits, V.A. and Gorshkov, A.I., 1991b. Rare
earth element indicators of Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crust
formation on Krylov Seamount, Eastern Atlantic. Marine
Geology, 96: 71-84.
von Blanckenburg, F. O’Nions, R.K. and Hein, J.R., 1996a.
Distribution and source of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes
in deep ocean water from Mn-Fe crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 60: 4957-4963.
von Blanckenburg, F., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N.S., Gibb, A.
and Hein, J.R., 1996b. Global distribution of beryllium
isotopes in deep ocean water as derived from Fe-Mn crusts.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 141: 213-226.
von der Haar, D.L., Mahoney, J.J. and McMurtry, G.M., 1995.
An evaluation of strontium isotopic dating of
ferromanganese oxides in a marine hydrogenous crust.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 4267-4277.
von Langen, P., Johnson, K.S., Coale, K.H. and Elrod, V.A.,
1997. Oxidation kinetics of manganese (II) in seawater in
nanomolar concentrations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 61: 4945-4954.
von Stackelberg, U., 1997. Growth history of manganese nodules
and crusts of the Peru Basin. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R.,
Bühn, B. and Dasgupta S. (eds), Manganese mineralization:
Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine
deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119: 153176.
von Stackelberg, U., 2000. Manganese nodules of the Peru
Basin. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed.), Handbook of marine minerals.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 197-238.
von Stackelberg, U., Kunzendorf, H., Marchig, V. and Gwozdz,
R., 1984. Growth history of a large manganese crust from
the Equatorial North Pacific Nodule Belt. Geologishes
Jahrbuch, 75A: 213-235.
von Stackelberg, U. and Marchig, V., 1987. Manganese nodules
from the equatorial North Pacific Ocean. Geologishes
Jahrbuch, 87D: 123-227.
von Stackelberg, U. and Beiersdorf, H., 1991. The formation
of manganese nodules between the Clarion and Clipperton
fracture zones southeast of Hawaii. Marine Geology, 98:
411-423.
References
Wallace, H.E., Thomson, J., Wilson, T.R.S., Weaver, P.P.E.,
Higgs, N.C., Hydes, D.J., 1988. Active diagenetic formation
of metal-rich layers in N.E. Atlantic sediments. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 1557-1569.
Wallner, C., Faestermann, T., Gerstmann, U., Knie, K.,
Korschinek, G., Lierse, C. and Rugel, G., 2003. Supernova
produced and anthropogenic
244 Pu in deep sea manganese
encrustations. New Astronomy Reviews, 48: 145-150.
Waychunas, G.A., 1991. Crystal chemistry of oxides and
oxyhydroxides. Reviews in Mineralogy, 25: 11-68.
Wiltshire, J.C., 2000. Innovations in marine ferromanganese
oxide tailings disposal. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed.), Handbook of
marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 281305.
Wiltshire, J.C., Wen, X.Y and Yao, D., 1999. Ferromanganese
crusts near Johnson Island: Geochemistry, stratigraphy and
economic potential. Marine Georesources and
Geotechnology, 17: 257-270.
Xu, D., 1997. Paleo-ocean events and mineralization in the
Pacific. Proceedings of the 30
th International Geological
Congress, Vol. 13: 129-144.
Yeats, P.A. and Strain, P.M., 1990. The oxidation rate of
manganese in seawater: Rate constants based on field data.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 31: 11-24.
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.,
2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate
65 Ma to present. Science, 292: 686-693.