426
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
in the Clarion - Clipperton Nodule Province. Marine
Geology, 103: 381-405.
Sorem, R.K. and Fewkes, R.H., 1979. Manganese nodule
research data and methods of investigation. IFI/
Plenum Press, NY, 723 pp.
Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P., Thijssen, T., Shrivastava, P.C. and
Melguen, M., 1981. The geochemistry of co - existing
manganese nodules, micronodules, sediments and pore
waters from five areas in the equatorial and South - West
Pacific. Chemie der Erde, 40: 273-297.
Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P. and Frenzel, G., 1984. Comparison of
the characteristics of manganese micronodules from the
equatorial and south - west Pacific. TMPM Tschermaks
Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 33: 123.
Stoffers, P., Schmitz, W., Glasby, G.P., Plüger, W.L. and Walter,
P., 1985. Mineralogy and geochemistry of sediments in
the Southwestern Pacific Basin: Tahiti - East Pacific Rise -
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and
Geophysics, 28: 513-530.
Stüben, D., Glasby, G.P., Eckhardt, J.-D., Berner, Z., Mountain,
B.W. and Usui, A., 1999. Enrichments of platinum-group
elements in hydrogenous, diagenetic and hydrothermal
marine manganese and iron deposits. Exploration and
Mining Geology, 8: 233-250.
Sverjensky, D.A. 1984. Equilibrium redox equilibria in aqueous
solution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67: 70-78.
Szefer, P., Glasby, G.P., Kunzendorf, H., Görlich, E.A., Latka,
K., Ikuta, K., and Ali, A.A., 1998. Distribution of rare
earth and other elements, and the mineralogy of the iron
oxyhydroxide phase in marine ferromanganese concretions
from within Slupsk Furrow southern Baltic Sea, off Poland.
Applied Geochemistry, 13: 305-312.
Taft, B.A., Hayes, S.P., Friederich, G.E, Codispoti, A, 1991.
Flow of abyssal water into the Samoan Passage. Deep-Sea
Research, 38, Supplement 1: S103-S128.
Tebo, B.M., Ghiorse, W.C., van Waasbergen, L.G., Siering, P.L.
and Caspi, R., 1997. Bacterially-mediated mineral
formation: Insights into manganese (II) oxidation from
molecular genetic and biochemical studies. Reviews in
Mineralogy, 35: 225-266.
Tebo, B.M., Bargar, J.R., Clement, B.G., Dick, G.J., Murray,
K.J., Parker, D., Verity, R. and Webb, S.M., 2004. Biogenic
manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of
formation. Annual Review of Earth and Panetary Sciences,
32: 287-328.
Teleki, P.G., Dopson, M.R., Moore, J.R. and von Stackelberg,
U. (eds), 1987. Marine minerals Advances in research and
resource assessment. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 588 pp.
Thamdrup, B. and Canfield, D.E., 1996. Pathways of
carbon oxidation in continental margin sediments off
central Chile. Limnology and Oceanography, 41:
1629-1650.
Thiel, H. (ed.), 2001. Environmental impact studies for
the mining of polymetallic nodules from the deep
sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 48: 3427-3882.
Thijssen, T., Glasby, G.P., Friedrich, G., Stoffers, P. and Sioulas,
A., 1985. Manganese nodules in the central Peru Basin.
Chemie der Erde, 44: 1-46.
Thomson, J., Higgs, N.C., Hydes, D.J., Wilson, T.R.S. and
Sorensen, J., 1987. Geochemical oxidation fronts in
NE Atlantic distal turbidites and their effects in the
sedimentary record. In: Weaver, P.P.E. and
Thompson, J. (eds), Geology and geochemistry of
abyssal plains. Geological Society Special Publication,
31: 167-177.
Turekian, K.K. and Bacon, M.P., 2004. Geochronometry
of marine deposits. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise
on geochemistry vol. 6 The oceans and marine
geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 321-341,
Turner, S. and Buseck, P.R., 1981. Todorokites: A new
family of naturally occuring manganese oxides.
Science, 212: 1024-1027.
Usui, A., 1979. Nickel and copper accumulation as essential
elements in 10Å manganite of deep-sea manganese nodules.
Nature, 279: 411-413.
Usui, A., 1992. Hydrothermal manganese minerals in Leg 126
cores. Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program Scentific
Results, Volume 126: 113-123.
Usui, A. and Nishimura, A., 1992. Submersible observations of
hydrothermal manganese deposits on the Kaikata
Seamount, Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc. Marine Geology,
106: 203-216
Usui, A. and Ito, T., 1994. Fossil manganese deposits buried
within DSDP/ODP cores, Leg 1-126. Marine Geology, 119:
111-136.
Usui, A. and Mita, N., 1995. Geochemistry and
mineralogy of a modern buserite deposit from a hot
spring in Hokkaido, Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals,
43: 116-127.
Usui, A. and Terashima, S., 1997. Deposition of
hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese minerals
in the Ogasawara (Bonin) arc area, northwest Pacific.
Marine Georecources and Geotechnology, 15: 127154.
Usui, A. and Glasby, G.P., 1998. Submarine hydrothermal
manganese deposits in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc: An
overview. The Island Arc, 7: 422-431.
Usui, A., Yuasa, M., Yokota, S., Nohara, M. and Nishimura, A.,
1986. Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits from
the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, off the Japanese islands. Marine
Geology, 73: 311-322.
Usui, A., Mellin, T.A., Nohara, M. and Yuasa, M., 1989.
Structural stability of marine 10 Å manganates from the
Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc: Implications for low-temperature
hydrothermal activity. Marine Geology, 86: 41-56.
Usui, A., Nishimura, A. and Mita, N., 1993. Composition and
growth history of surficial and buried manganese nodules in
the Penrhyn Basin, Southwest Pacific. MarineGeology, 114:
133-153.
Usui, A., Bau, M. and Yamazaki, T., 1997. Manganese
microchimneys buried in Central Pacific Pacific pelagic
sediments: evidence of intraplate water circulation. Marine
Geology, 141: 269-285.
van Andel , Tj.H., Heath, G.R. and Moore, T.C., 1975. Cenozoic
history and paleoceanography of the central equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Geological Society of America Memoir, 143:
134 pp.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R.,
Hattendorf, B., Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2003. Lead
isotopes in North Pacific deep - water implications for
past changes in input sources and circulation patterns. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 209: 149-164.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hattendorf, B.,
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
in the Clarion - Clipperton Nodule Province. Marine
Geology, 103: 381-405.
Sorem, R.K. and Fewkes, R.H., 1979. Manganese nodule
research data and methods of investigation. IFI/
Plenum Press, NY, 723 pp.
Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P., Thijssen, T., Shrivastava, P.C. and
Melguen, M., 1981. The geochemistry of co - existing
manganese nodules, micronodules, sediments and pore
waters from five areas in the equatorial and South - West
Pacific. Chemie der Erde, 40: 273-297.
Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P. and Frenzel, G., 1984. Comparison of
the characteristics of manganese micronodules from the
equatorial and south - west Pacific. TMPM Tschermaks
Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 33: 123.
Stoffers, P., Schmitz, W., Glasby, G.P., Plüger, W.L. and Walter,
P., 1985. Mineralogy and geochemistry of sediments in
the Southwestern Pacific Basin: Tahiti - East Pacific Rise -
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and
Geophysics, 28: 513-530.
Stüben, D., Glasby, G.P., Eckhardt, J.-D., Berner, Z., Mountain,
B.W. and Usui, A., 1999. Enrichments of platinum-group
elements in hydrogenous, diagenetic and hydrothermal
marine manganese and iron deposits. Exploration and
Mining Geology, 8: 233-250.
Sverjensky, D.A. 1984. Equilibrium redox equilibria in aqueous
solution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67: 70-78.
Szefer, P., Glasby, G.P., Kunzendorf, H., Görlich, E.A., Latka,
K., Ikuta, K., and Ali, A.A., 1998. Distribution of rare
earth and other elements, and the mineralogy of the iron
oxyhydroxide phase in marine ferromanganese concretions
from within Slupsk Furrow southern Baltic Sea, off Poland.
Applied Geochemistry, 13: 305-312.
Taft, B.A., Hayes, S.P., Friederich, G.E, Codispoti, A, 1991.
Flow of abyssal water into the Samoan Passage. Deep-Sea
Research, 38, Supplement 1: S103-S128.
Tebo, B.M., Ghiorse, W.C., van Waasbergen, L.G., Siering, P.L.
and Caspi, R., 1997. Bacterially-mediated mineral
formation: Insights into manganese (II) oxidation from
molecular genetic and biochemical studies. Reviews in
Mineralogy, 35: 225-266.
Tebo, B.M., Bargar, J.R., Clement, B.G., Dick, G.J., Murray,
K.J., Parker, D., Verity, R. and Webb, S.M., 2004. Biogenic
manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of
formation. Annual Review of Earth and Panetary Sciences,
32: 287-328.
Teleki, P.G., Dopson, M.R., Moore, J.R. and von Stackelberg,
U. (eds), 1987. Marine minerals Advances in research and
resource assessment. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 588 pp.
Thamdrup, B. and Canfield, D.E., 1996. Pathways of
carbon oxidation in continental margin sediments off
central Chile. Limnology and Oceanography, 41:
1629-1650.
Thiel, H. (ed.), 2001. Environmental impact studies for
the mining of polymetallic nodules from the deep
sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 48: 3427-3882.
Thijssen, T., Glasby, G.P., Friedrich, G., Stoffers, P. and Sioulas,
A., 1985. Manganese nodules in the central Peru Basin.
Chemie der Erde, 44: 1-46.
Thomson, J., Higgs, N.C., Hydes, D.J., Wilson, T.R.S. and
Sorensen, J., 1987. Geochemical oxidation fronts in
NE Atlantic distal turbidites and their effects in the
sedimentary record. In: Weaver, P.P.E. and
Thompson, J. (eds), Geology and geochemistry of
abyssal plains. Geological Society Special Publication,
31: 167-177.
Turekian, K.K. and Bacon, M.P., 2004. Geochronometry
of marine deposits. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise
on geochemistry vol. 6 The oceans and marine
geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 321-341,
Turner, S. and Buseck, P.R., 1981. Todorokites: A new
family of naturally occuring manganese oxides.
Science, 212: 1024-1027.
Usui, A., 1979. Nickel and copper accumulation as essential
elements in 10Å manganite of deep-sea manganese nodules.
Nature, 279: 411-413.
Usui, A., 1992. Hydrothermal manganese minerals in Leg 126
cores. Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program Scentific
Results, Volume 126: 113-123.
Usui, A. and Nishimura, A., 1992. Submersible observations of
hydrothermal manganese deposits on the Kaikata
Seamount, Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc. Marine Geology,
106: 203-216
Usui, A. and Ito, T., 1994. Fossil manganese deposits buried
within DSDP/ODP cores, Leg 1-126. Marine Geology, 119:
111-136.
Usui, A. and Mita, N., 1995. Geochemistry and
mineralogy of a modern buserite deposit from a hot
spring in Hokkaido, Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals,
43: 116-127.
Usui, A. and Terashima, S., 1997. Deposition of
hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese minerals
in the Ogasawara (Bonin) arc area, northwest Pacific.
Marine Georecources and Geotechnology, 15: 127154.
Usui, A. and Glasby, G.P., 1998. Submarine hydrothermal
manganese deposits in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc: An
overview. The Island Arc, 7: 422-431.
Usui, A., Yuasa, M., Yokota, S., Nohara, M. and Nishimura, A.,
1986. Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits from
the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, off the Japanese islands. Marine
Geology, 73: 311-322.
Usui, A., Mellin, T.A., Nohara, M. and Yuasa, M., 1989.
Structural stability of marine 10 Å manganates from the
Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc: Implications for low-temperature
hydrothermal activity. Marine Geology, 86: 41-56.
Usui, A., Nishimura, A. and Mita, N., 1993. Composition and
growth history of surficial and buried manganese nodules in
the Penrhyn Basin, Southwest Pacific. MarineGeology, 114:
133-153.
Usui, A., Bau, M. and Yamazaki, T., 1997. Manganese
microchimneys buried in Central Pacific Pacific pelagic
sediments: evidence of intraplate water circulation. Marine
Geology, 141: 269-285.
van Andel , Tj.H., Heath, G.R. and Moore, T.C., 1975. Cenozoic
history and paleoceanography of the central equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Geological Society of America Memoir, 143:
134 pp.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R.,
Hattendorf, B., Günther, D. and Kubik, P.W., 2003. Lead
isotopes in North Pacific deep - water implications for
past changes in input sources and circulation patterns. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 209: 149-164.
van de Fliert, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hattendorf, B.,