425
Overnell, J., Harvey, S.M. and Parkes, R.J., 1996. A
biogeochemical comparison of sea loch sediments:
Manganese and iron contents, sulphate reduction rates and
oxygen uptake rates. Oceanologica Acta, 19: 41-55.
Overnell, J., Brand, T., Bourgeois, W. and Statham, P.J., 2002.
Manganese dynamics in the water column of the upper
basin of Loch Etive, a Scottish fjord. Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, 55: 481-492.
Piper, D.Z. and Williamson, M.E., 1977. Composition of
Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules. Marine
Geology., 23: 285-303.
Piper, D.Z. and Blueford, J.R., 1982. Distribution,
mineralogy, and texture of manganese nodules and
their relation to sedimentation at the DOMES Site A
in the equatorial North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research,
29A: 927-952.
Piper, D.Z., Basler, J.R. and Bischoff, J.L., 1984. Oxidation
state of marine manganese nodules. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 2347-2355.
Piper, D.Z., Swint, T.R., Sullivan, L.G. and McCoy, F.W., 1985.
Manganese nodules, seafloor sediment, and sedimentation
rates in the Circum-Pacific region. Circum-Pacific Council
for Energy and Mineral Resources Circum-Pacific Map
Project. American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Piper, D.Z., Swint-Iki, T.R. and McCoy, F.W., 1987. Distribution
of ferromanganese nodules in the Pacific Ocean. Chemie
der Erde, 46: 171-184.
Plüger, W.L., Friedrich, G. and Stoffers, P., 1985. Environmental
controls of the formation of deep-sea ferromanganese
concretions. Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, 25:
31-52.
Plunkert, P.A. and Jones, T.S, 1999. Metal prices in the United
States through 1998. USGS. 181 pp. (http://
minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices)
Post, J.E., 1999. Manganese oxide minerals: crystal structures
and environmental significance. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Science of the USA, 96: 3447-3454.
Pulyaeva, I., 1997. Stratification of ferromanganese crusts on
the Magellan seamounts. Proceedings of the 30
th
International Geological Congress, Vol. 13: 111-128.
Puteanus, D., and Halbach, P., 1988. Correlation of Co
concentration and growth rate-a model for age
determination of ferromanganese crusts. Chemical
Geology, 69: 71-85.
Raab, W.J. and Meylan, M.A., 1977. Morphology. In: Glasby,
G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 109-146.
Rehkämper, M., Frank, M., Hein, J.R. and Halliday, A.N., 2004.
Cenozoic marine geochemistry of thallium deduced from
isotopic studies of ferromanganese crusts and palagic
sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219: 7791.
Reid, J.L. and Lonsdale, P.F., 1974. On the flow of water through
the Samoan Passage. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 4:
58-73.
Reyss, J.L., Lemaitre, N., Ku, T.L., Marchig, V., Southon, J.R.,
Nelson, D.E. and Vogel, J.S., 1985. Growth of manganese
nodule from the Peru Basin: A radiochemical anomaly.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 2401-2408.
Roemmich, D., Huatala, S. and Rudnick, D.L., 1996. Northward
abyssal transport through the Samoan Passage and adjacent
regions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101: 14,03914,055.
Roy, S., 1981. Manganese deposits. Academic Press, London,
458 pp.
Rudnick, D.L., 1997. Direct velocity measurements in the
Samoan Passage. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102:
3293-3303.
Sanderson, B., 1985. How bioturbation supports manganese
nodules at the sediment-water interface. Deep-Sea Research,
32A: 1281-1285.
Sawlan, J.J. and Murray, J.W., 1983. Trace metal remobilization
in the interstitial waters of red clay and hemipelagic marine
sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64: 213230.
Schlosser, P., Bullister, J.L., Fine, R., Jenkins, W.J., Key,
R., Roether, W. and Smethie, W.M., 2001.
Transformation and age of water masses. In: Siedler,
G., Church, J. and Gould, J.J. (eds), Ocean circulation
& climate observation and modeling of the global
ocean. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 431-452 +
Plate 5.8.17 (P. 428)
Schmitz, W., Mangini, A., Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P. and
Plüger, W.L., 1986. Sediment accumulation rates in
the southwestern Pacific Basin and Aitutaki Passage.
Marine Geology, 73: 181-190.
Schmitz,
W.J.,
1995.
On
the
interbasin-scale
thermohaline circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 33:
151-173.
Scholten, J.C., Scott, S.D., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Fietze,
J., Blanz, T and Kennedy, C.B., 2004. Hydrothermal
manganese crusts from the Pitcairn region. In:
Hekinian, R., Stoffers, P. and Cheminée, J.-L., (eds),
Oceanic hotspots intraplate submarine magmatism
and tectonism. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.375-405.
Segl, M., Mangini, A., Bonani, G., Hofmann, H.J., Nessi,
M., Suter, M., Wölfli, W., Friedrich, G., Plüger, W.L.,
Wiechowski, A. and Beer, J., 1984.
10 Be-dating of a
manganese crust from the central North Pacific
Ocean and implications for ocean palaeocirculation.
Nature, 309: 540-543.
Segl, M., Mangini, A., Beer, J., Bonani, G., Suter, M. and
Wölfli, W., 1989. Growth rate variations of
manganese
nodules
and
crusts
induced
by
paleoceanographic events. Paleoceanography, 4: 511530.
Shaw, T.J., Gieskes, J.M. and Jahnke, R.A., 1990. Early
diagenesis in differing depositional environments: The
response of transition metals in pore waters. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 1233-1246.
Shevenell, A.E., Kennett, J.P. and Lea, D.W., 2004. Middle
Miocene Southern Ocean cooling and Antarctic cryosphere
expansion. Science, 305: 1766-1770.
Shilov, V.V., 2004. Stratigraphy of Upper Cenozoic deposits in
the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (Pacific Ocean).
Unpublished Candidate thesis, VSEGEI (All-Russian
Institute of Geology), St. Petersburg. 158 pp. (In Russian)
Silvester, E., Manceau, A., Drits, V.A., 1997. Structure of
synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite: II. Results from
chemical studies and EXAFS spectroscopy. American
Mineralogist, 82: 962-978.
Skornyakova, N.S. and Murdmaa, I.O., 1992. Local variation
in distribution and composition of ferromanganese nodules
References
Overnell, J., Harvey, S.M. and Parkes, R.J., 1996. A
biogeochemical comparison of sea loch sediments:
Manganese and iron contents, sulphate reduction rates and
oxygen uptake rates. Oceanologica Acta, 19: 41-55.
Overnell, J., Brand, T., Bourgeois, W. and Statham, P.J., 2002.
Manganese dynamics in the water column of the upper
basin of Loch Etive, a Scottish fjord. Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, 55: 481-492.
Piper, D.Z. and Williamson, M.E., 1977. Composition of
Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules. Marine
Geology., 23: 285-303.
Piper, D.Z. and Blueford, J.R., 1982. Distribution,
mineralogy, and texture of manganese nodules and
their relation to sedimentation at the DOMES Site A
in the equatorial North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research,
29A: 927-952.
Piper, D.Z., Basler, J.R. and Bischoff, J.L., 1984. Oxidation
state of marine manganese nodules. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 2347-2355.
Piper, D.Z., Swint, T.R., Sullivan, L.G. and McCoy, F.W., 1985.
Manganese nodules, seafloor sediment, and sedimentation
rates in the Circum-Pacific region. Circum-Pacific Council
for Energy and Mineral Resources Circum-Pacific Map
Project. American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Piper, D.Z., Swint-Iki, T.R. and McCoy, F.W., 1987. Distribution
of ferromanganese nodules in the Pacific Ocean. Chemie
der Erde, 46: 171-184.
Plüger, W.L., Friedrich, G. and Stoffers, P., 1985. Environmental
controls of the formation of deep-sea ferromanganese
concretions. Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, 25:
31-52.
Plunkert, P.A. and Jones, T.S, 1999. Metal prices in the United
States through 1998. USGS. 181 pp. (http://
minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices)
Post, J.E., 1999. Manganese oxide minerals: crystal structures
and environmental significance. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Science of the USA, 96: 3447-3454.
Pulyaeva, I., 1997. Stratification of ferromanganese crusts on
the Magellan seamounts. Proceedings of the 30
th
International Geological Congress, Vol. 13: 111-128.
Puteanus, D., and Halbach, P., 1988. Correlation of Co
concentration and growth rate-a model for age
determination of ferromanganese crusts. Chemical
Geology, 69: 71-85.
Raab, W.J. and Meylan, M.A., 1977. Morphology. In: Glasby,
G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 109-146.
Rehkämper, M., Frank, M., Hein, J.R. and Halliday, A.N., 2004.
Cenozoic marine geochemistry of thallium deduced from
isotopic studies of ferromanganese crusts and palagic
sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219: 7791.
Reid, J.L. and Lonsdale, P.F., 1974. On the flow of water through
the Samoan Passage. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 4:
58-73.
Reyss, J.L., Lemaitre, N., Ku, T.L., Marchig, V., Southon, J.R.,
Nelson, D.E. and Vogel, J.S., 1985. Growth of manganese
nodule from the Peru Basin: A radiochemical anomaly.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 2401-2408.
Roemmich, D., Huatala, S. and Rudnick, D.L., 1996. Northward
abyssal transport through the Samoan Passage and adjacent
regions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101: 14,03914,055.
Roy, S., 1981. Manganese deposits. Academic Press, London,
458 pp.
Rudnick, D.L., 1997. Direct velocity measurements in the
Samoan Passage. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102:
3293-3303.
Sanderson, B., 1985. How bioturbation supports manganese
nodules at the sediment-water interface. Deep-Sea Research,
32A: 1281-1285.
Sawlan, J.J. and Murray, J.W., 1983. Trace metal remobilization
in the interstitial waters of red clay and hemipelagic marine
sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64: 213230.
Schlosser, P., Bullister, J.L., Fine, R., Jenkins, W.J., Key,
R., Roether, W. and Smethie, W.M., 2001.
Transformation and age of water masses. In: Siedler,
G., Church, J. and Gould, J.J. (eds), Ocean circulation
& climate observation and modeling of the global
ocean. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 431-452 +
Plate 5.8.17 (P. 428)
Schmitz, W., Mangini, A., Stoffers, P., Glasby, G.P. and
Plüger, W.L., 1986. Sediment accumulation rates in
the southwestern Pacific Basin and Aitutaki Passage.
Marine Geology, 73: 181-190.
Schmitz,
W.J.,
1995.
On
the
interbasin-scale
thermohaline circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 33:
151-173.
Scholten, J.C., Scott, S.D., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Fietze,
J., Blanz, T and Kennedy, C.B., 2004. Hydrothermal
manganese crusts from the Pitcairn region. In:
Hekinian, R., Stoffers, P. and Cheminée, J.-L., (eds),
Oceanic hotspots intraplate submarine magmatism
and tectonism. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.375-405.
Segl, M., Mangini, A., Bonani, G., Hofmann, H.J., Nessi,
M., Suter, M., Wölfli, W., Friedrich, G., Plüger, W.L.,
Wiechowski, A. and Beer, J., 1984.
10 Be-dating of a
manganese crust from the central North Pacific
Ocean and implications for ocean palaeocirculation.
Nature, 309: 540-543.
Segl, M., Mangini, A., Beer, J., Bonani, G., Suter, M. and
Wölfli, W., 1989. Growth rate variations of
manganese
nodules
and
crusts
induced
by
paleoceanographic events. Paleoceanography, 4: 511530.
Shaw, T.J., Gieskes, J.M. and Jahnke, R.A., 1990. Early
diagenesis in differing depositional environments: The
response of transition metals in pore waters. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 1233-1246.
Shevenell, A.E., Kennett, J.P. and Lea, D.W., 2004. Middle
Miocene Southern Ocean cooling and Antarctic cryosphere
expansion. Science, 305: 1766-1770.
Shilov, V.V., 2004. Stratigraphy of Upper Cenozoic deposits in
the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (Pacific Ocean).
Unpublished Candidate thesis, VSEGEI (All-Russian
Institute of Geology), St. Petersburg. 158 pp. (In Russian)
Silvester, E., Manceau, A., Drits, V.A., 1997. Structure of
synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite: II. Results from
chemical studies and EXAFS spectroscopy. American
Mineralogist, 82: 962-978.
Skornyakova, N.S. and Murdmaa, I.O., 1992. Local variation
in distribution and composition of ferromanganese nodules
References