423
mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 4079-4094.
Kotlinski, R., 1995. InterOceanMetal Joint Organization:
Archievements and Challenges. Proceedings of the ISOPE
(The International Society of Offshore and Polar
Engineers)-Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan,
November 21-22, 5-7.
Krishnaswamy, S., 1976. Authigenic transition elements
in Pacific pelagic clays. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 40: 425-435.
Ku, T.-L. and Glasby, G.P., 1972. Radiometric evidence
for the rapid growth rates of shallow-water,
continental margin manganese nodules. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 36: 699-703.
Ku, T.-.L., 1977. Rates of accretion. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.) Marine
manganese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-267.
Kuma, K., Usui, A., Paplawsky, W., Gedulin, B. and Arrhenius,
G., 1994. Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å
manganates substituted by mono - and divalent cations.
Mineralogical Magazine, 58: 425-447.
Kunzendorf, H., Glasby, G.P., Stoffers, P. and Plüger, W.L.,
1993. The distribution of rare earth and minor elements in
manganese nodules, micronodules and sediments along an
east-west transect in the southern Pacific. Lithos, 30: 4556.
Kusukabe, M. and Ku, T.L., 1984. Incorporation of Be isotopes
and other trace metals into marine ferromanganese
deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 21872193.
Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Jehanno, C. and Perez-Leclaire, H., 1983.
Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos
mounds, DSDP Leg 70, hole 509B and „Alvin“ dives 729
and 721. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 63:63-75.
Lavasseur, S., Frank, M., Hein, J.R. and Halliday, A.N., 2004.
The global variation in the iron isotope composition of
marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits: impliations
for seawater chemistry? Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 224: 91-105.
Lavelle, J.W., Cowen, J.P. and Massoth, G.J., 1992. A
model for the deposition of hydrothermal manganese
near mid-ocean ridge crests. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 97: 7413-7427.
Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R., Burton, K.W., Christensen,
J.N. and Günther, D., 1999. Hafnium isotope stratigraphy
of ferromanganese crusts. Science, 285: 1052-1054.
Lei, G., 1996. Crystal structure and metal uptake capacity of
10 Å-manganates: An overview. Marine Geology, 133: 103112.
Lenoble, J.-P., 2004. A comparison of the possible economic
returns from mining deep-sea polymetallic nodules, sea
floor massive sulphides and cobalt-rich crusts. Proceedings
of a workshop held on 26-30 June 2000 in Kingston, Jamaica
Volume 1, pp. 424-465 (http//: www.isa.org.jp)
Liebetrau, V., Eisenhauer, A., Gussone, N., Wörner, G., Hansen,
B.T., Leipe, T., 2002. Ra/Ba growth rates and U-Th-Ba
systematics of Baltic Fe-Mn crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 66 : 73-83.
Lilley, M.D., Feely, R.A. and Trefry, J.H., 1995. Chemical and
biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes. In:
Humphris, S.E. Zierenberg, R.A., Mullineaux, L.S. and
Thompson, R.E. (eds), Seafloor Hydrothermal systems:
Physical, chemical, biological, and geological interactions.
American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monogrograph,
91: 369-391.
Ling, H.F., Burton, K.W., O’Nions, R.K., Kamber, B.S., von
Blanckenberg, F., Gibb, A.J. and Hein, J.R., 1997. Evolution
of Nd and Pb isotopes in central Pacific seawater from
ferromanganese crusts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
146: 1-12.
Lonsdale, P., 1976. Abyssal circulation of the southeastern
Pacific and some geological implications. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 81: 1163-1176.
Lonsdale, P., 1981. Drifts and ponds of reworked pelagic
sediment in part of the Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology,
43: 153-193.
Lupton, J., 1998. Hydrothermal helium plumes in the Pacific
Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103: 15,83515,868.
Lyle, M., 1983. The brown-green color transition in marine
sediments: A marker of the Fe(III)-Fe(II) redox boundary.
Limnology and Oceanography 28: 1026-1033.
Lyle, M., Owen, R.M. and Leinen, M., 1986. History of
hydrothermal sedimentation at the East Pacific Rise,
19°S. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project.
U.S.
Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 92: 585-596.
McCave, I.N., 1988. Biological pumping upwards of the
coarse fraction of deep-sea sediments. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 58: 148-158.
Macdonald, K.C. and Hollister, C.D., 1973. Near-bottom
thermocline in the Samoan Passage, west equatorial
Pacific. Nature, 241: 461-462.
McMurtry, G.M., von der Haar, D.L., Eisenhauer, A.,
Mahoney, J.J. and Yeh, H.W., 1994. Cenozoic
accumu-lation history of a Pacific ferromanganese
crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125: 105118.
Manceau, A., Llorca, S. and Calas, G., 1987. Crystal
chemistry of cobalt and nickel in lithiophorite and
asbolane from New Caledonia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 105-113.
Manceau, A., Gorshkov, A.I. and Drits, V.A., 1992a.
Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in
manganese hydrous oxides: Part I. Information from
EXAFS spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 77:
1133-1143.
Manceau, A., Gorshkov, A.I. and Drits, V.A., 1992b.
Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in
manganese hydrous oxides: Part II. Information from
EXAFS spectroscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 77: 1144-1157.
Manceau, A., Drits, V.A., Silvester, E., Bartoli, C. and
Lanson, B., 1997. Structural mechanism of Co
2+
oxida-tion
by
the
phyllomanganate
buserite.
American Mine-ralogist, 82: 1150-1175.
Manceau, A., Lanson, B. and Drits, V.A., 2002. Structure
of heavy metal sorbed birnessite. Part III. Results
from powder and polarized extended X-ray absorption
fine
structure
spectroscopy.
Geochimica
et
Cosmochimica Acta, 66: 2639-2663.
Mandernack, K.W., Post, J. and Tebo, B.M., 1995.
Manganese mineral formation by bacterial spores of
the marine Bacillus, strain SG-1: Evidence for the
direct oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV). Geochimica et
References
mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 4079-4094.
Kotlinski, R., 1995. InterOceanMetal Joint Organization:
Archievements and Challenges. Proceedings of the ISOPE
(The International Society of Offshore and Polar
Engineers)-Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan,
November 21-22, 5-7.
Krishnaswamy, S., 1976. Authigenic transition elements
in Pacific pelagic clays. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 40: 425-435.
Ku, T.-L. and Glasby, G.P., 1972. Radiometric evidence
for the rapid growth rates of shallow-water,
continental margin manganese nodules. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 36: 699-703.
Ku, T.-.L., 1977. Rates of accretion. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.) Marine
manganese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-267.
Kuma, K., Usui, A., Paplawsky, W., Gedulin, B. and Arrhenius,
G., 1994. Crystal structures of synthetic 7 Å and 10 Å
manganates substituted by mono - and divalent cations.
Mineralogical Magazine, 58: 425-447.
Kunzendorf, H., Glasby, G.P., Stoffers, P. and Plüger, W.L.,
1993. The distribution of rare earth and minor elements in
manganese nodules, micronodules and sediments along an
east-west transect in the southern Pacific. Lithos, 30: 4556.
Kusukabe, M. and Ku, T.L., 1984. Incorporation of Be isotopes
and other trace metals into marine ferromanganese
deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 21872193.
Lalou, C., Brichet, E., Jehanno, C. and Perez-Leclaire, H., 1983.
Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Galapagos
mounds, DSDP Leg 70, hole 509B and „Alvin“ dives 729
and 721. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 63:63-75.
Lavasseur, S., Frank, M., Hein, J.R. and Halliday, A.N., 2004.
The global variation in the iron isotope composition of
marine hydrogenetic ferromanganese deposits: impliations
for seawater chemistry? Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 224: 91-105.
Lavelle, J.W., Cowen, J.P. and Massoth, G.J., 1992. A
model for the deposition of hydrothermal manganese
near mid-ocean ridge crests. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 97: 7413-7427.
Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J.R., Burton, K.W., Christensen,
J.N. and Günther, D., 1999. Hafnium isotope stratigraphy
of ferromanganese crusts. Science, 285: 1052-1054.
Lei, G., 1996. Crystal structure and metal uptake capacity of
10 Å-manganates: An overview. Marine Geology, 133: 103112.
Lenoble, J.-P., 2004. A comparison of the possible economic
returns from mining deep-sea polymetallic nodules, sea
floor massive sulphides and cobalt-rich crusts. Proceedings
of a workshop held on 26-30 June 2000 in Kingston, Jamaica
Volume 1, pp. 424-465 (http//: www.isa.org.jp)
Liebetrau, V., Eisenhauer, A., Gussone, N., Wörner, G., Hansen,
B.T., Leipe, T., 2002. Ra/Ba growth rates and U-Th-Ba
systematics of Baltic Fe-Mn crusts. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 66 : 73-83.
Lilley, M.D., Feely, R.A. and Trefry, J.H., 1995. Chemical and
biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes. In:
Humphris, S.E. Zierenberg, R.A., Mullineaux, L.S. and
Thompson, R.E. (eds), Seafloor Hydrothermal systems:
Physical, chemical, biological, and geological interactions.
American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monogrograph,
91: 369-391.
Ling, H.F., Burton, K.W., O’Nions, R.K., Kamber, B.S., von
Blanckenberg, F., Gibb, A.J. and Hein, J.R., 1997. Evolution
of Nd and Pb isotopes in central Pacific seawater from
ferromanganese crusts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
146: 1-12.
Lonsdale, P., 1976. Abyssal circulation of the southeastern
Pacific and some geological implications. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 81: 1163-1176.
Lonsdale, P., 1981. Drifts and ponds of reworked pelagic
sediment in part of the Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology,
43: 153-193.
Lupton, J., 1998. Hydrothermal helium plumes in the Pacific
Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103: 15,83515,868.
Lyle, M., 1983. The brown-green color transition in marine
sediments: A marker of the Fe(III)-Fe(II) redox boundary.
Limnology and Oceanography 28: 1026-1033.
Lyle, M., Owen, R.M. and Leinen, M., 1986. History of
hydrothermal sedimentation at the East Pacific Rise,
19°S. In: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project.
U.S.
Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 92: 585-596.
McCave, I.N., 1988. Biological pumping upwards of the
coarse fraction of deep-sea sediments. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 58: 148-158.
Macdonald, K.C. and Hollister, C.D., 1973. Near-bottom
thermocline in the Samoan Passage, west equatorial
Pacific. Nature, 241: 461-462.
McMurtry, G.M., von der Haar, D.L., Eisenhauer, A.,
Mahoney, J.J. and Yeh, H.W., 1994. Cenozoic
accumu-lation history of a Pacific ferromanganese
crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125: 105118.
Manceau, A., Llorca, S. and Calas, G., 1987. Crystal
chemistry of cobalt and nickel in lithiophorite and
asbolane from New Caledonia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 105-113.
Manceau, A., Gorshkov, A.I. and Drits, V.A., 1992a.
Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in
manganese hydrous oxides: Part I. Information from
EXAFS spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 77:
1133-1143.
Manceau, A., Gorshkov, A.I. and Drits, V.A., 1992b.
Structural chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in
manganese hydrous oxides: Part II. Information from
EXAFS spectroscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 77: 1144-1157.
Manceau, A., Drits, V.A., Silvester, E., Bartoli, C. and
Lanson, B., 1997. Structural mechanism of Co
2+
oxida-tion
by
the
phyllomanganate
buserite.
American Mine-ralogist, 82: 1150-1175.
Manceau, A., Lanson, B. and Drits, V.A., 2002. Structure
of heavy metal sorbed birnessite. Part III. Results
from powder and polarized extended X-ray absorption
fine
structure
spectroscopy.
Geochimica
et
Cosmochimica Acta, 66: 2639-2663.
Mandernack, K.W., Post, J. and Tebo, B.M., 1995.
Manganese mineral formation by bacterial spores of
the marine Bacillus, strain SG-1: Evidence for the
direct oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV). Geochimica et
References