422
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
L.M. and Wang, C.-H., 1993. Two major episodes of
Cenozoic phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific
seamount deposits. Paleoceanography, 8: 292-311.
Hein, J.R., Gibbs, A.E., Clague, D.A. and Torresan, M.,
1996. Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine
rift zones, Hawaii. Marine Georesources and
Geotechnology, 14: 177-203.
Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Bau, M., Manheim, F.T., Kang, J.K., and Roberts, L., 2000. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese
crusts in the Pacific. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed), Handbook of
marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 239279.
Hem, J.D., Roberson, C.E. and Lind, C.J., 1985. Thermodynamic
stability of CoOOH and its coprecipitation with manganese.
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 801-810.
Heye, D., 1978. Changes in the growth rate of manganese
nodules from the Central Pacific in the area of a seamount
as shown by the Io nethod. Marine Geology, 28: M59M65.
Hlawatsch, S., 1999. Mn-Fe-Akkumulate als Indikator für Schadund Nährstoffflüsse in der westlichen Ostsee. Geomar Report
85, Geomar Research Center, Kiel (with English abstract)
Hlawatsch, S., Neumann, T., van der Berg, C.M.G., Kersten,
M., Harff, J., and Suess, E., 2002. Fast-growing shallowwater ferro-manganese nodules from the western Baltic
Sea: origin and modes of trace element incorporation. Marine
Geology, 182: 373-387.
Hodge, V.F., Stallard, M., Koide, M. and Goldberg, E.D.,
1985. Platinum and platinum anomaly in the marine
environment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
72: 158-162.
Hogg, N.G., 2001. Quantification of the deep circulation.
In: Siedler, G., Church, J. and Gould, J.J. (eds), Ocean
circulation & climate observation and modeling of
the global ocean. Academic Press, San Diego, pp.
259-270.
Horn, D.R. (ed.), 1972. Ferromanganese deposits of the ocean
floor. National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C.,
293 pp.
Huh, C-A. and Ku, T.-L. 1984. Radiochemical observations on
manganese nodules from three sedimentary environments
in the North Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
48: 951-963.
Ito, T., Usui, A., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., 1998. Strontium
isotopic composition and paleoceanographic implcation
of fossil manganese nodules in DSDP/ODP cores, Leg 1126. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62: 1545-1554.
Jauhari, P. and Pattan, J.N., 2000. Ferromanganese nodules
from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. In: Cronan, D.S.
(ed.), Handbook of marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, pp. 171-195.
Jeong, K.S., Kang, J.K. and Chough, S.K., 1994. Sedimentary
processes and manganese nodule formation in the Korea
Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area, western part of ClarionClipperton fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific.
Marine Geology, 122: 125-150.
Jeong, K.S., Kang, J.K., Lee, K.Y. Jung, H.S., Chi, S.B. and Ahn,
S.J., 1996. Formation and distribution of manganese nodule
deposits in the western margin of Clarion-Clipperton
fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific. Geo-Marine
Letters, 16: 123-131.
Jeong, K.S., Jung, H.S., Kang, J.K., Morgan, C.L. and Hein,
J.R., 2000. Formation of ferromanganese crusts on
northwest intertropical Pacific seamounts: electron
photomicrography and microprobe chemistry. Marine
Geology, 162: 541-559.
Johnson, C.E. and Glasby, G.P., 1969. Mössbauer Effect
determination of particle size in microcrystalline
iron-manganese nodules. Nature, 222: 376-377.
Johnson, D.A., 1972. Eastward-flowing bottom currents along
the Clipperton Fracture Zone. Deep-Sea Research, 19: 253257
Johnson, K.S., Coale, K.H., Berelson, W.M. and Gordon, R.M.,
1996. On the formation of the manganese maximum in
the oxygen minimum. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
60: 1291-1299.
Johnson, K.S., Gordon, R.M. and Coale, K.H., 1997. What
controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean?
Marine Chemistry, 57: 137-161.
Johnston, J.H. and Glasby, G.P., 1978. The secondary iron
oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep sea and fossil
manganese nodules: A Mössbauer and X-ray study.
Geochemical Journal, 12: 153-164.
Johnston, J.H. and Glasby, G.P., 1982. A Mössbauer spectroscopic
and X-ray diffraction study of the iron mineralogy of some
sediments from the Southwest Pacific Basin. Marine
Chemistry, 11: 437-448.
Jung, H.-S. and Lee, C.-P., 1999. Growth of diagenetic
ferromanganese nodules in an oxic deep-sea environment,
northeast Pacific. Marine Geology, 157: 127-144.
Kadko, D. and Burckle, L.H., 1980. Manganese growth rates
determined by fossil diatom dating. Nature, 287: 725-726.
Kasten, S., Glasby, G.P., Schulz, H., Friedrich, G. and Andreev,
S.I., 1998. Rare earth elements in manganese nodules from
the South Atlantic Ocean as indicators of oceanic bottom
water flow. Marine Geology, 146: 33-52.
Knie, K., Korschinek, G., Faestermann, T., Dorfi, E.A., Rugel,
G and Wallner, A., 2004.
60 Fe anomaly in a deep-sea
manganese crust and implications for a nearby supernova
source. Physical Review Letters, 93: 171103.
Knoop, P.A., Owen, R.M. and Morgan, C.L., 1998. Regional
variability in ferromanganese nodule composition: northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 147: 112.
Köning, I., Drodt, M., Suess, E. and Trautwein, A.X., 1997.
Iron reduction through the tan-green color transition in
deep-sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimmica Acta,
61: 1679-1683.
Kontar, E.A. and Sokov, A.V., 1994. A benthic storm in the
northeastern tropical Pacific over fields of manganese
nodules. Deep-Sea Research I, 41: 1069-1089.
Koschinsky, A. and Halbach, P., 1995. Sequential leaching of
marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 5113-5132.
Koschinsky, A. and Hein, J.R., 2003. Uptake of elements from
seawater by ferromanganese crusts: solid-phase associations
and seawater speciation. Marine Geology, 198: 331-351.
Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Hein, J.R. and Mangini, A., 1996.
Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic
events in the NE Atlantic. Geologische Rundschau, 85:
567-576.
Koschinsky, A., Stascheit, A.-M., Bau, M. and Halbach, P.,
1997. Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
L.M. and Wang, C.-H., 1993. Two major episodes of
Cenozoic phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific
seamount deposits. Paleoceanography, 8: 292-311.
Hein, J.R., Gibbs, A.E., Clague, D.A. and Torresan, M.,
1996. Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine
rift zones, Hawaii. Marine Georesources and
Geotechnology, 14: 177-203.
Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Bau, M., Manheim, F.T., Kang, J.K., and Roberts, L., 2000. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese
crusts in the Pacific. In: Cronan, D.S. (ed), Handbook of
marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 239279.
Hem, J.D., Roberson, C.E. and Lind, C.J., 1985. Thermodynamic
stability of CoOOH and its coprecipitation with manganese.
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 801-810.
Heye, D., 1978. Changes in the growth rate of manganese
nodules from the Central Pacific in the area of a seamount
as shown by the Io nethod. Marine Geology, 28: M59M65.
Hlawatsch, S., 1999. Mn-Fe-Akkumulate als Indikator für Schadund Nährstoffflüsse in der westlichen Ostsee. Geomar Report
85, Geomar Research Center, Kiel (with English abstract)
Hlawatsch, S., Neumann, T., van der Berg, C.M.G., Kersten,
M., Harff, J., and Suess, E., 2002. Fast-growing shallowwater ferro-manganese nodules from the western Baltic
Sea: origin and modes of trace element incorporation. Marine
Geology, 182: 373-387.
Hodge, V.F., Stallard, M., Koide, M. and Goldberg, E.D.,
1985. Platinum and platinum anomaly in the marine
environment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
72: 158-162.
Hogg, N.G., 2001. Quantification of the deep circulation.
In: Siedler, G., Church, J. and Gould, J.J. (eds), Ocean
circulation & climate observation and modeling of
the global ocean. Academic Press, San Diego, pp.
259-270.
Horn, D.R. (ed.), 1972. Ferromanganese deposits of the ocean
floor. National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C.,
293 pp.
Huh, C-A. and Ku, T.-L. 1984. Radiochemical observations on
manganese nodules from three sedimentary environments
in the North Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
48: 951-963.
Ito, T., Usui, A., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., 1998. Strontium
isotopic composition and paleoceanographic implcation
of fossil manganese nodules in DSDP/ODP cores, Leg 1126. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62: 1545-1554.
Jauhari, P. and Pattan, J.N., 2000. Ferromanganese nodules
from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. In: Cronan, D.S.
(ed.), Handbook of marine minerals. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, pp. 171-195.
Jeong, K.S., Kang, J.K. and Chough, S.K., 1994. Sedimentary
processes and manganese nodule formation in the Korea
Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area, western part of ClarionClipperton fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific.
Marine Geology, 122: 125-150.
Jeong, K.S., Kang, J.K., Lee, K.Y. Jung, H.S., Chi, S.B. and Ahn,
S.J., 1996. Formation and distribution of manganese nodule
deposits in the western margin of Clarion-Clipperton
fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific. Geo-Marine
Letters, 16: 123-131.
Jeong, K.S., Jung, H.S., Kang, J.K., Morgan, C.L. and Hein,
J.R., 2000. Formation of ferromanganese crusts on
northwest intertropical Pacific seamounts: electron
photomicrography and microprobe chemistry. Marine
Geology, 162: 541-559.
Johnson, C.E. and Glasby, G.P., 1969. Mössbauer Effect
determination of particle size in microcrystalline
iron-manganese nodules. Nature, 222: 376-377.
Johnson, D.A., 1972. Eastward-flowing bottom currents along
the Clipperton Fracture Zone. Deep-Sea Research, 19: 253257
Johnson, K.S., Coale, K.H., Berelson, W.M. and Gordon, R.M.,
1996. On the formation of the manganese maximum in
the oxygen minimum. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
60: 1291-1299.
Johnson, K.S., Gordon, R.M. and Coale, K.H., 1997. What
controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean?
Marine Chemistry, 57: 137-161.
Johnston, J.H. and Glasby, G.P., 1978. The secondary iron
oxidehydroxide mineralogy of some deep sea and fossil
manganese nodules: A Mössbauer and X-ray study.
Geochemical Journal, 12: 153-164.
Johnston, J.H. and Glasby, G.P., 1982. A Mössbauer spectroscopic
and X-ray diffraction study of the iron mineralogy of some
sediments from the Southwest Pacific Basin. Marine
Chemistry, 11: 437-448.
Jung, H.-S. and Lee, C.-P., 1999. Growth of diagenetic
ferromanganese nodules in an oxic deep-sea environment,
northeast Pacific. Marine Geology, 157: 127-144.
Kadko, D. and Burckle, L.H., 1980. Manganese growth rates
determined by fossil diatom dating. Nature, 287: 725-726.
Kasten, S., Glasby, G.P., Schulz, H., Friedrich, G. and Andreev,
S.I., 1998. Rare earth elements in manganese nodules from
the South Atlantic Ocean as indicators of oceanic bottom
water flow. Marine Geology, 146: 33-52.
Knie, K., Korschinek, G., Faestermann, T., Dorfi, E.A., Rugel,
G and Wallner, A., 2004.
60 Fe anomaly in a deep-sea
manganese crust and implications for a nearby supernova
source. Physical Review Letters, 93: 171103.
Knoop, P.A., Owen, R.M. and Morgan, C.L., 1998. Regional
variability in ferromanganese nodule composition: northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 147: 112.
Köning, I., Drodt, M., Suess, E. and Trautwein, A.X., 1997.
Iron reduction through the tan-green color transition in
deep-sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimmica Acta,
61: 1679-1683.
Kontar, E.A. and Sokov, A.V., 1994. A benthic storm in the
northeastern tropical Pacific over fields of manganese
nodules. Deep-Sea Research I, 41: 1069-1089.
Koschinsky, A. and Halbach, P., 1995. Sequential leaching of
marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 5113-5132.
Koschinsky, A. and Hein, J.R., 2003. Uptake of elements from
seawater by ferromanganese crusts: solid-phase associations
and seawater speciation. Marine Geology, 198: 331-351.
Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Hein, J.R. and Mangini, A., 1996.
Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic
events in the NE Atlantic. Geologische Rundschau, 85:
567-576.
Koschinsky, A., Stascheit, A.-M., Bau, M. and Halbach, P.,
1997. Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and