420
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
water: Penetration east around Hawaii. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 76: 8089-8097.
Ehrlich, H.L., 1996. Geomicrobiology. Marcel Dekker, NY,
719 pp.
Eisenhauer, A., Gögen, K., Pernicka, E. and Mangini, A., 1992.
Climatic influences on the growth rates of Mn crusts during
the Late Quaternary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
109: 25-36.
Elderfield, H. and Schulz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge
hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of
the ocean. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 24: 191-224.
Finney, B., Heath, G.R. and Lyle, M., 1984. Growth rates of
manganese-rich nodules at MANOP Site H (Eastern North
Pacific). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 911-919.
Fitzwater, S.E., Coale, K.H., Gordon, M., Johnson, K.S. and
Ondrusek, M.E., 1996. Iron deficiency and plankton growth
in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research, 43: 995-1015.
Fleet, A.J. 1983. Hydrothermal and hydrogenous ferromanganese deposits: Do they form a continuum? In: Rona,
P., Boström, K., Laubier, L. and Smith, K.L. (eds)
Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers.
NATO Conference Series, 12: 535-555.
Frank, M., 2002. Radiogenic isotopes: Tracers of past ocean
circulation and erosional input. Reviews of Geophysics,
40(1): Article number 1001.
Frank, M., O’Nions, R.K., Hein, J.R. and Banakar, V.K.,
1999a. 60 Myr records of major elements and Pd-Nd
isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts:
reconstruction of
seawater paleoceanography.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63: 1689-1708.
Frank , M., Reynolds, B.C. and O’Nions, R.K., 1999b. Nd
and Pb isotopes in Atlantic and Pacific water masses
before and after closure of the Panama gateway.
Geology, 27: 1147-1150.
Friedrich, G., Glasby, G.P., Thijssen, T. and Plüger, W.L.,
1983. Morphological and geochemical characteristics
of manganese nodules collected from three areas on
an equatorial Pacific transect by R.V. Sonne. Marine
Mining, 4: 167-253.
Friedrich, G. and Schmitz-Wiechowski, A., 1980.
Mineralogy and chemistry of a ferromanganese crust
from a deep-sea hill, central Pacific, „VALDIVIA“
Cruise VA 13/2. Marine Geology, 37: 71-90.
Froelich, P.N., Klinkhammer, G.P., Bender, M.L.,
Luedtke, N.A., Heath, G.R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P.,
Hammond, D., Hartmann, B. and Maynard, V., 1979.
Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic
sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic
diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43:
1075-1090.
Futa, K., Peteman, Z.E. and Hein, J.R., 1988. Sr and Nd
isotopic variations in ferromanganese crusts from the
Central Pacific: Implications for age and source
provenance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52:
2229-2233.
Garrels, R.M. and Christ, C.L., 1965. Solutions, minerals, and
equilibria. Harper & Row, N.Y. 450 pp.
German, C.R. and Angel, M.V., 1995. Hydrothermal fluxes of
metal to the oceans: a comparison with anthropogenic
discharges. In: Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R.
(eds), Hydrothermal vents and processes. Geological Society
Special Publication, 87: 365-372.
German, C.R. and Von Damm, K.L., 2004. Hydrothermal
processes. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise on geochemistry
volume 6 The oceans and marine geochemistry. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 181-222.
Gingele, F.X. and Kasten, S., 1994. Solid-phase manganese in
Southeast Atlantic sediments: Implications for the
paleoenvironment. Marine Geology, 121: 317-332.
Giovanoli, R., 1980. On natural and synthentic manganese
nodules. In: Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), Geology
and geochemistry of manganese, volume 1. Hungarian
Academy of Sciences, Budapest, pp. 159-202.
Giovanoli, R., 1985. A review of the todorokite-buserite
problem; implications to the mineralogy of marine
manganese nodules: discussion. American Mineralogist, 70:
202-204.
Giovanoli, R. and Bürki, P., 1975, Comparison of X-ray evidence
of marine manganese nodules and non-marine manganese
ore deposits. Chimia, 29: 266-269.
Giovanoli, R. and Arrhenius, G., 1988. Structural chemistry of
marine manganese and iron minerals and synthetic model
compounds. In: Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), The Manganese Nodule Belt of the
Pacific Ocean Geological environment, nodule formation
and mining aspects. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 20-37.
Glasby, G.P., 1972. The mineralogy of manganese nodules
from a range of marine environments. Marine
Geology, 13: 57-72.
Glasby, G.P., 1973. Mechanism of enrichment of the
rarer elements in marine manganese nodules. Marine
Chemistry, 1: 105-125.
Glasby, G.P., 1974. Mechanism of incorporation of manganese
and associated trace elements in marine manganese nodules.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 12:
11-40.
Glasby, G.P. (ed), 1977. Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 523 pp.
Glasby, G.P., 1978. Deeep-sea manganese nodules in the
stratigraphic record: Evidence from DSDP cores. Marine
Geology, 28: 51-64.
Glasby, G.P., 1983. The Three-Million-Tons-Per-Year
Manganese Nodule „Mine Site“: An optimistic assumption?
Marine Mining, 4: 73-77.
Glasby, G.P., 1984. Manganese in the marine environment.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 22:
169-194.
Glasby, G.P., 1988. Manganese deposition through geological
time: Dominance of the Post-Eocene environment. Ore
Geology Reviews, 4: 135-144.
Glasby, G.P., 1991. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Pacific red
clays. N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 34: 167176.
Glasby, G.P., 2000. Lessons learned from deep-sea mining.
Science, 289: 551, 553.
Glasby, G.P., 2002. Deep-seabed mining: Past failures and future
prospects. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 20:
161-176.
Glasby, G.P., Meylan, M.A., Margolis, S.V. and Bäcker, H., 1980.
Manganese deposits of the Southwestern Pacific Basin. In:
Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), Geology and
geochemistry of manganese, volume 3. Hungarian Academy
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
water: Penetration east around Hawaii. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 76: 8089-8097.
Ehrlich, H.L., 1996. Geomicrobiology. Marcel Dekker, NY,
719 pp.
Eisenhauer, A., Gögen, K., Pernicka, E. and Mangini, A., 1992.
Climatic influences on the growth rates of Mn crusts during
the Late Quaternary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
109: 25-36.
Elderfield, H. and Schulz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge
hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of
the ocean. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, 24: 191-224.
Finney, B., Heath, G.R. and Lyle, M., 1984. Growth rates of
manganese-rich nodules at MANOP Site H (Eastern North
Pacific). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 911-919.
Fitzwater, S.E., Coale, K.H., Gordon, M., Johnson, K.S. and
Ondrusek, M.E., 1996. Iron deficiency and plankton growth
in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research, 43: 995-1015.
Fleet, A.J. 1983. Hydrothermal and hydrogenous ferromanganese deposits: Do they form a continuum? In: Rona,
P., Boström, K., Laubier, L. and Smith, K.L. (eds)
Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers.
NATO Conference Series, 12: 535-555.
Frank, M., 2002. Radiogenic isotopes: Tracers of past ocean
circulation and erosional input. Reviews of Geophysics,
40(1): Article number 1001.
Frank, M., O’Nions, R.K., Hein, J.R. and Banakar, V.K.,
1999a. 60 Myr records of major elements and Pd-Nd
isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts:
reconstruction of
seawater paleoceanography.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63: 1689-1708.
Frank , M., Reynolds, B.C. and O’Nions, R.K., 1999b. Nd
and Pb isotopes in Atlantic and Pacific water masses
before and after closure of the Panama gateway.
Geology, 27: 1147-1150.
Friedrich, G., Glasby, G.P., Thijssen, T. and Plüger, W.L.,
1983. Morphological and geochemical characteristics
of manganese nodules collected from three areas on
an equatorial Pacific transect by R.V. Sonne. Marine
Mining, 4: 167-253.
Friedrich, G. and Schmitz-Wiechowski, A., 1980.
Mineralogy and chemistry of a ferromanganese crust
from a deep-sea hill, central Pacific, „VALDIVIA“
Cruise VA 13/2. Marine Geology, 37: 71-90.
Froelich, P.N., Klinkhammer, G.P., Bender, M.L.,
Luedtke, N.A., Heath, G.R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P.,
Hammond, D., Hartmann, B. and Maynard, V., 1979.
Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic
sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic
diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43:
1075-1090.
Futa, K., Peteman, Z.E. and Hein, J.R., 1988. Sr and Nd
isotopic variations in ferromanganese crusts from the
Central Pacific: Implications for age and source
provenance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52:
2229-2233.
Garrels, R.M. and Christ, C.L., 1965. Solutions, minerals, and
equilibria. Harper & Row, N.Y. 450 pp.
German, C.R. and Angel, M.V., 1995. Hydrothermal fluxes of
metal to the oceans: a comparison with anthropogenic
discharges. In: Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R.
(eds), Hydrothermal vents and processes. Geological Society
Special Publication, 87: 365-372.
German, C.R. and Von Damm, K.L., 2004. Hydrothermal
processes. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise on geochemistry
volume 6 The oceans and marine geochemistry. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 181-222.
Gingele, F.X. and Kasten, S., 1994. Solid-phase manganese in
Southeast Atlantic sediments: Implications for the
paleoenvironment. Marine Geology, 121: 317-332.
Giovanoli, R., 1980. On natural and synthentic manganese
nodules. In: Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), Geology
and geochemistry of manganese, volume 1. Hungarian
Academy of Sciences, Budapest, pp. 159-202.
Giovanoli, R., 1985. A review of the todorokite-buserite
problem; implications to the mineralogy of marine
manganese nodules: discussion. American Mineralogist, 70:
202-204.
Giovanoli, R. and Bürki, P., 1975, Comparison of X-ray evidence
of marine manganese nodules and non-marine manganese
ore deposits. Chimia, 29: 266-269.
Giovanoli, R. and Arrhenius, G., 1988. Structural chemistry of
marine manganese and iron minerals and synthetic model
compounds. In: Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), The Manganese Nodule Belt of the
Pacific Ocean Geological environment, nodule formation
and mining aspects. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 20-37.
Glasby, G.P., 1972. The mineralogy of manganese nodules
from a range of marine environments. Marine
Geology, 13: 57-72.
Glasby, G.P., 1973. Mechanism of enrichment of the
rarer elements in marine manganese nodules. Marine
Chemistry, 1: 105-125.
Glasby, G.P., 1974. Mechanism of incorporation of manganese
and associated trace elements in marine manganese nodules.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 12:
11-40.
Glasby, G.P. (ed), 1977. Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 523 pp.
Glasby, G.P., 1978. Deeep-sea manganese nodules in the
stratigraphic record: Evidence from DSDP cores. Marine
Geology, 28: 51-64.
Glasby, G.P., 1983. The Three-Million-Tons-Per-Year
Manganese Nodule „Mine Site“: An optimistic assumption?
Marine Mining, 4: 73-77.
Glasby, G.P., 1984. Manganese in the marine environment.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 22:
169-194.
Glasby, G.P., 1988. Manganese deposition through geological
time: Dominance of the Post-Eocene environment. Ore
Geology Reviews, 4: 135-144.
Glasby, G.P., 1991. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Pacific red
clays. N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 34: 167176.
Glasby, G.P., 2000. Lessons learned from deep-sea mining.
Science, 289: 551, 553.
Glasby, G.P., 2002. Deep-seabed mining: Past failures and future
prospects. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 20:
161-176.
Glasby, G.P., Meylan, M.A., Margolis, S.V. and Bäcker, H., 1980.
Manganese deposits of the Southwestern Pacific Basin. In:
Varentsov, I.M. and Grasselly, Gy. (eds), Geology and
geochemistry of manganese, volume 3. Hungarian Academy