419
References
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 2331-2338.
Chabaux, F., Cohen, A.S., O’Nions, R.K. and Hein, J.R., 1995.
238 U -
234 U -
230 Th chronometry of Fe-Mn crusts: Growth
processes and recovery of thorium isotopic ratios of
seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 633-638.
Chabaux, F., O’Nions, R.K., Cohen, A.S. and Hein, J.R., 1997.
238
U -
234
U -
230 Th disequilibrium in hydrogenous oceanic FeMn crusts: Paleoceanographic record or diagenetic
alteration? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 36193632.
Chen, J.C. and Owen, R.M., 1989. The hydrothermal
component in ferromanganese nodules from the southeast
Pacific Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:
1299-1305.
Chester, R., 1990. Marine geochemistry. Chapman & Hall,
London, 698 pp.
Christensen, J.N., Halliday, A,.N., Godfrey, L.V., Hein, J.R. and
Rea, D.K., 1997. Climate and ocean dynamics of lead isotope
records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts. Science, 277: 913918.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Ermilova, L.P. et al., 1982. On
mineral forms of manganese and iron occurrences in oceanic
sediments. International Geological Review, 24: 466-480.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.A., Shterenberg, L.Ye.,
Sivtsov, A.V. and Sakharov, B.A., 1983. Mixed-layered
asbolite-buserite minerals and asbolite in oceanic ironmanganese nodules. International Geological Review, 25:
838-847.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., and Drits, V.A., 1989. Supergene
manganese oxides. Nauka, Moscow, 208 pp. (In Russian)
Clarke, A., Church, J. and Gould, J., 2001. Ocean processes and
climate phenomena. In: Siedler, G., Church, J. and Gould,
J.J. (eds), Ocean circulation & climate observation and
modeling of the global ocean. Academic Press, San Diego,
pp. 11-30.
Cowen, J.P. and Bruland, K.W., 1985. Metal deposits associated
with bacteria: implications for Fe and Mn marine
geochemistry. Deep-Sea Research, 32A: 253-272.
Cowen, J.P., DeCarlo, E.H. and McGee, D.L., 1993. Calcareous
nannofossil biostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese
crust from Schumann Seamount. Marine Geology, 115: 289306.
Cronan, D.S., 1977. Deep-sea nodule: distribution and chemistry.
In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 11-44.
Cronan, D.S., 1980. Underwater minerals. Academic
Press, London, 362 pp.
Cronan, D.S., 1987. Controls on the nature and distribution of
manganese nodules in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
In: Teleki, P.G., Dobson, M.R., Moore, J.R. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), Marine minerals Advances in research
and resource assessment. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 177188.
Cronan, D.S., 1997. Some controls on the geochemical
variability of manganese nodules with particular reference
to the tropical South Pacific. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R.,
Bühn, B. and Dasgupta, S. (eds), Manganese mineralization:
Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine
deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119: 139151.
Cronan, D.S. (ed.), 2000. Handbook of marine minerals. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 406 pp.
Cronan, D.S. and Hodkinson, R.A., 1994. Element supply to
surface manganese nodules along the Aitutaki-Jarvis
Transect, South Pacific. Journal of the Geological Society
of London, 151: 392-401.
David, K., Frank, M., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N.S. and Arden,
J.W., 2001. The Hf isotopic composition of global seawater
and the evolution of Hf isotopes in deep Pacifc Ocean
from Fe-Mn crusts. Chemical Geology, 178: 23-42.
Davies, T.A., 1985. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentation in
the Pacific Ocean Basin. In: Nairn, A.E.M., Stehli, F.G. and
Uyeda, S. (eds), The ocean basins and margins 7A The
Pacific Ocean. Plenum Press, NY, pp. 65-88.
de Baar, H.W., Bacon, M.P., Brewer, P.G. and Bruland, K.W.,
1985. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 1943-1959.
de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Löscher,
B.M., Veth, C., Bathmann, U. and Smetacek, V., 1995.
Importance of iron for pankton blooms and carbon dioxide
drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nature, 373: 412-415.
De Carlo, E.H., 1991. Paleoceanographic implications of the
rare earth element variabiliy within a Fe-Mn crust from
the central Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 98: 449-467.
De Carlo, E.H. and McMurtry, G.M., 1992. Rare-earth element
geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian
Archipelago, central Pacific. Chemical Geology, 95: 235250.
Dekov, V.M., Marchig, V., Rajita, I. and Uzonyi, I., 2003. FeMn micronodules born in the metalliferous sediments of
two spreading centres: the East Pacific Rise and MidAtlantic Ridge. Marine Geology, 199: 101-121.
Dickens, G.R. 2004. Hydrocarbon-driven warming. Nature, 429:
513-515.
Dillard, J.G., Crowther, D.L. and Calvert, S.E., 1984. X - ray
photoelectron spectroscopic study of ferromanganese
nodules: Chemical speciation for selected transition metals.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 1565-1569.
Dorgan, K.M., Jumars, P.A., Johnson, B., Boudreau, B.P. and
Landis, E., 2005. Burrow extension by crack propagation.
Nature, 433: 475.
Drits, V.A., Silvester, E., Gorshkov, A.I. and Manceau, A., 1997.
Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and
hexagonal birnessite: I. Results from X-ray diffraction and
selected-area electron diffraction. American Mineralogist,
82: 946-961.
Dymond, J. and Eklund, W., 1978. A microprobe study of
metalliferous sediment components. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 40: 243-251.
Dymond, J., Lyle, M., Finney, B., Piper, D.Z., Murphy,
K., Conard, R. and Pisias, N., 1984. Ferromanganese
nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R - Control of
mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple
accretionary processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 48: 931-949.
Earney, F.F.C., 1990. Marine mineral resources. Routledge,
London, 387 pp.
Eckhardt, J.D., Glasby, G.P., Puchelt, H. and Berner, Z., 1997.
Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enareta and Palinuro
seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Marine Georesources
and Geotechnology, 15: 175-209.
Edmond, J.M., Chung, Y. and Sclater, J.G., 1971. Pacific bottom
References
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 2331-2338.
Chabaux, F., Cohen, A.S., O’Nions, R.K. and Hein, J.R., 1995.
238 U -
234 U -
230 Th chronometry of Fe-Mn crusts: Growth
processes and recovery of thorium isotopic ratios of
seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 633-638.
Chabaux, F., O’Nions, R.K., Cohen, A.S. and Hein, J.R., 1997.
238
U -
234
U -
230 Th disequilibrium in hydrogenous oceanic FeMn crusts: Paleoceanographic record or diagenetic
alteration? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 36193632.
Chen, J.C. and Owen, R.M., 1989. The hydrothermal
component in ferromanganese nodules from the southeast
Pacific Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:
1299-1305.
Chester, R., 1990. Marine geochemistry. Chapman & Hall,
London, 698 pp.
Christensen, J.N., Halliday, A,.N., Godfrey, L.V., Hein, J.R. and
Rea, D.K., 1997. Climate and ocean dynamics of lead isotope
records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts. Science, 277: 913918.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Ermilova, L.P. et al., 1982. On
mineral forms of manganese and iron occurrences in oceanic
sediments. International Geological Review, 24: 466-480.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.A., Shterenberg, L.Ye.,
Sivtsov, A.V. and Sakharov, B.A., 1983. Mixed-layered
asbolite-buserite minerals and asbolite in oceanic ironmanganese nodules. International Geological Review, 25:
838-847.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., and Drits, V.A., 1989. Supergene
manganese oxides. Nauka, Moscow, 208 pp. (In Russian)
Clarke, A., Church, J. and Gould, J., 2001. Ocean processes and
climate phenomena. In: Siedler, G., Church, J. and Gould,
J.J. (eds), Ocean circulation & climate observation and
modeling of the global ocean. Academic Press, San Diego,
pp. 11-30.
Cowen, J.P. and Bruland, K.W., 1985. Metal deposits associated
with bacteria: implications for Fe and Mn marine
geochemistry. Deep-Sea Research, 32A: 253-272.
Cowen, J.P., DeCarlo, E.H. and McGee, D.L., 1993. Calcareous
nannofossil biostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese
crust from Schumann Seamount. Marine Geology, 115: 289306.
Cronan, D.S., 1977. Deep-sea nodule: distribution and chemistry.
In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 11-44.
Cronan, D.S., 1980. Underwater minerals. Academic
Press, London, 362 pp.
Cronan, D.S., 1987. Controls on the nature and distribution of
manganese nodules in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
In: Teleki, P.G., Dobson, M.R., Moore, J.R. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), Marine minerals Advances in research
and resource assessment. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 177188.
Cronan, D.S., 1997. Some controls on the geochemical
variability of manganese nodules with particular reference
to the tropical South Pacific. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R.,
Bühn, B. and Dasgupta, S. (eds), Manganese mineralization:
Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine
deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119: 139151.
Cronan, D.S. (ed.), 2000. Handbook of marine minerals. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 406 pp.
Cronan, D.S. and Hodkinson, R.A., 1994. Element supply to
surface manganese nodules along the Aitutaki-Jarvis
Transect, South Pacific. Journal of the Geological Society
of London, 151: 392-401.
David, K., Frank, M., O’Nions, R.K., Belshaw, N.S. and Arden,
J.W., 2001. The Hf isotopic composition of global seawater
and the evolution of Hf isotopes in deep Pacifc Ocean
from Fe-Mn crusts. Chemical Geology, 178: 23-42.
Davies, T.A., 1985. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentation in
the Pacific Ocean Basin. In: Nairn, A.E.M., Stehli, F.G. and
Uyeda, S. (eds), The ocean basins and margins 7A The
Pacific Ocean. Plenum Press, NY, pp. 65-88.
de Baar, H.W., Bacon, M.P., Brewer, P.G. and Bruland, K.W.,
1985. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49: 1943-1959.
de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Löscher,
B.M., Veth, C., Bathmann, U. and Smetacek, V., 1995.
Importance of iron for pankton blooms and carbon dioxide
drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nature, 373: 412-415.
De Carlo, E.H., 1991. Paleoceanographic implications of the
rare earth element variabiliy within a Fe-Mn crust from
the central Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 98: 449-467.
De Carlo, E.H. and McMurtry, G.M., 1992. Rare-earth element
geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian
Archipelago, central Pacific. Chemical Geology, 95: 235250.
Dekov, V.M., Marchig, V., Rajita, I. and Uzonyi, I., 2003. FeMn micronodules born in the metalliferous sediments of
two spreading centres: the East Pacific Rise and MidAtlantic Ridge. Marine Geology, 199: 101-121.
Dickens, G.R. 2004. Hydrocarbon-driven warming. Nature, 429:
513-515.
Dillard, J.G., Crowther, D.L. and Calvert, S.E., 1984. X - ray
photoelectron spectroscopic study of ferromanganese
nodules: Chemical speciation for selected transition metals.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 1565-1569.
Dorgan, K.M., Jumars, P.A., Johnson, B., Boudreau, B.P. and
Landis, E., 2005. Burrow extension by crack propagation.
Nature, 433: 475.
Drits, V.A., Silvester, E., Gorshkov, A.I. and Manceau, A., 1997.
Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and
hexagonal birnessite: I. Results from X-ray diffraction and
selected-area electron diffraction. American Mineralogist,
82: 946-961.
Dymond, J. and Eklund, W., 1978. A microprobe study of
metalliferous sediment components. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 40: 243-251.
Dymond, J., Lyle, M., Finney, B., Piper, D.Z., Murphy,
K., Conard, R. and Pisias, N., 1984. Ferromanganese
nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R - Control of
mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple
accretionary processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 48: 931-949.
Earney, F.F.C., 1990. Marine mineral resources. Routledge,
London, 387 pp.
Eckhardt, J.D., Glasby, G.P., Puchelt, H. and Berner, Z., 1997.
Hydrothermal manganese crusts from Enareta and Palinuro
seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Marine Georesources
and Geotechnology, 15: 175-209.
Edmond, J.M., Chung, Y. and Sclater, J.G., 1971. Pacific bottom