418
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
References
Abouchami, W., Goldstein, S.L., Galer, S.J.G., Eisenhauer,
A. and Mangini, A., 1997. Secular changes in lead and
neodymium in central Pacific seawater recorded in a
Fe-Mn crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61:
3957-3974.
Albarède, F. and Goldstein, S.L., 1992. World map of Nd
isotopes in sea-floor ferromanganese deposits.
Geology, 20: 761-763.
Aller, R.C., 1990. Bioturbation and manganese cycling in
hemipelagic sediments. Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London, A331: 51-68.
Amos, A.F., Roels, O.A., Garside, C., Malone, T.C. and
Paul, A.Z., 1977. Environmental aspects of nodule
mining. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed), Marine manganese
deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 391-437.
Andreev, S.I. and Gramberg, I.S., 1998. The explanatory
note to the metallogenic map of the world ocean.
VNIIOkeanologia
(St
Petersburg)
and
InterOceanMetall (Szczecin), 212 pp. + illustrations
(in English and Russian)
Andreev, S.I. and Gramberg, I.S., 2002. Cobalt-rich ores
of the world ocean. Ministry of Natural Resources of
the Russian Federation and All-Russian Research
Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the
World Ocean, St. Petersburg, 167 pp. + appendix (in
Russian with English abstract)
Anon, 1979. La Genèse des nodules de manganese.
Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 287: 410 pp.
Anon 1982. United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea of 10 Dcember 1982 (http://www.un.org/
Depts/los/index.htm.Convention_agreements/texts/
unclos/unclos_e.pdf)
Aplin, A.C. and Cronan, D.S., 1985. Ferromanganese
deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules
and
asso-ciated
sediments.
Geochimica
et
Cosmochmica Acta, 49: 437-451.
Banerjee, R., 2000. A documentation of burrows in hard
substrates of ferromanganese crusts and associated soft
sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Current
Science, 79: 517-521.
Barnes, S.S. and Dymond, J., 1967. Rates of accumulation of
ferro-manganese nodules. Nature, 213: 1218-1219.
Baturin, G.N., 1988. The geochemistry of manganese and
manganese nodules in the ocean. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 342
pp.
Beard, D.L., Johnson, C.M., Von Damm, K.L. and Poulson,
R.L., 2003. Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and
mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans. Geology, 31:
629-632.
Bender, M.L., Klinkhammer, G.P. and Spencer, D.W., 1977.
Manganese in seawater and the marine manganese balance.
Deep-Sea Research, 24: 799-812.
Berger, W.H., Fischer, K., Lai, C. and Wu, G., 1987.
Ocean productivity and organic carbon flux. Scripps
Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 87-30.
Bernhard, H.-H. and Blissenbach, E., 1988. Economic
importance. In: Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), The manganese nodule belt of
the Pacific Ocean Geological environment, nodule
formation, and mining aspects. Enke Verlag,
Stuttgart, pp. 4-9.
Bischoff, J.L. and Piper, D.Z., 1979. Marine geology and
oceanography of the Pacific manganese nodule province.
Plenum Press, NY, 842 pp.
Bischoff, J.L., Heath, G.R. and Leinen, M.L., 1979.
Geochemistry of deep-sea sediments from the Pacific
manganese nodule province: DOMES Sites A, B, and C. In:
Bischoff, J.L. and Piper, D.Z. (eds), Marine geology and
oceanography of the Pacific manganese nodule province.
Plenum Press, NY, pp. 397-436.
Böllhofer, A., Eisenhauer, A., Frank, N., Pech, D. and Mangini,
A., 1996. Thorium and uranium isotopes in a manganese
nodule from the Peru basin determined by alpha
spectrometry and thermal ionization mass spectrometry
(TIMS): Are manganese supply and growth related to
climate? Geologische Rundschau, 85: 577-585.
Böllhofer, A., Frank, N., Rohloff, S., Mangini, A. and Scholten,
J.C., 1999. A record of changing redox conditions in the
northern Peru Basin during the Late Quaternary deduced
from Mn/Fe and growth rate variations in two diagenetic
manganese nodules. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
170: 403-415.
Bruland, K.W., 1983. Trace elements in sea-water. In: Riley,
J.P. and Chester, R. (eds), Chemical oceanography. Academic
Press, London, pp. 157-220.
Bruland, K.W., Orians, K.J. and Cowen, J.P., 1994.
Reactive trace metals in the stratified central North
Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58:
3171-3182.
Bruland, K.W. and Lohan, M.C., 2004. Controls of trace
metals in seawater. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise
on geochemistry volume 6 The oceans and marine
geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 23-47.
Burgarth, K.P. and von Stackelberg, U., 1995. Sulfide -
impregnated
volcanics
and
ferromanganese
incrustations from the southern Lau Basin (Southwest
Pacific). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology,
13: 263-308.
Burns, R.G. and Burns, V.M., 1977. Mineralogy. In:
Glasby, G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 185-248.
Burns, R.G. and Burns, V.M., 1980. Manganese oxides.
Reviews in Mineralogy, 6: 1-46.
Burton, J.D. and Statham, P.J., 1988. Trace metals as
tracers in the ocean. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A325: 127-145.
Burton, K.W., Ling, H.-F. and O’Nions, R.K., 1997.
Closure of the central American Isthmus and its
effect on deep-water foand lacustrine nodules:
Distribution and geochemistry. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.),
Marine manga-nese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 45-86.
Calvert, S.E. and Piper, D.Z., 1984. Geochemistry of
ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, Northern
Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagentic metal sources in the
deep sea. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 48: 1913-1928.
Calvert, S.E.., Piper, D.Z. and Baedecker, P.A., 1987.
Geochemistry of the rare earth elements of ferromanganese
nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific.
11 Manganese: Predominant Role of Nodules and Crusts
References
Abouchami, W., Goldstein, S.L., Galer, S.J.G., Eisenhauer,
A. and Mangini, A., 1997. Secular changes in lead and
neodymium in central Pacific seawater recorded in a
Fe-Mn crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61:
3957-3974.
Albarède, F. and Goldstein, S.L., 1992. World map of Nd
isotopes in sea-floor ferromanganese deposits.
Geology, 20: 761-763.
Aller, R.C., 1990. Bioturbation and manganese cycling in
hemipelagic sediments. Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society of London, A331: 51-68.
Amos, A.F., Roels, O.A., Garside, C., Malone, T.C. and
Paul, A.Z., 1977. Environmental aspects of nodule
mining. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed), Marine manganese
deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 391-437.
Andreev, S.I. and Gramberg, I.S., 1998. The explanatory
note to the metallogenic map of the world ocean.
VNIIOkeanologia
(St
Petersburg)
and
InterOceanMetall (Szczecin), 212 pp. + illustrations
(in English and Russian)
Andreev, S.I. and Gramberg, I.S., 2002. Cobalt-rich ores
of the world ocean. Ministry of Natural Resources of
the Russian Federation and All-Russian Research
Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the
World Ocean, St. Petersburg, 167 pp. + appendix (in
Russian with English abstract)
Anon, 1979. La Genèse des nodules de manganese.
Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 287: 410 pp.
Anon 1982. United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea of 10 Dcember 1982 (http://www.un.org/
Depts/los/index.htm.Convention_agreements/texts/
unclos/unclos_e.pdf)
Aplin, A.C. and Cronan, D.S., 1985. Ferromanganese
deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules
and
asso-ciated
sediments.
Geochimica
et
Cosmochmica Acta, 49: 437-451.
Banerjee, R., 2000. A documentation of burrows in hard
substrates of ferromanganese crusts and associated soft
sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Current
Science, 79: 517-521.
Barnes, S.S. and Dymond, J., 1967. Rates of accumulation of
ferro-manganese nodules. Nature, 213: 1218-1219.
Baturin, G.N., 1988. The geochemistry of manganese and
manganese nodules in the ocean. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 342
pp.
Beard, D.L., Johnson, C.M., Von Damm, K.L. and Poulson,
R.L., 2003. Iron isotope constraints on Fe cycling and
mass balance in oxygenated Earth oceans. Geology, 31:
629-632.
Bender, M.L., Klinkhammer, G.P. and Spencer, D.W., 1977.
Manganese in seawater and the marine manganese balance.
Deep-Sea Research, 24: 799-812.
Berger, W.H., Fischer, K., Lai, C. and Wu, G., 1987.
Ocean productivity and organic carbon flux. Scripps
Institution of Oceanography Reference Series 87-30.
Bernhard, H.-H. and Blissenbach, E., 1988. Economic
importance. In: Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von
Stackelberg, U. (eds), The manganese nodule belt of
the Pacific Ocean Geological environment, nodule
formation, and mining aspects. Enke Verlag,
Stuttgart, pp. 4-9.
Bischoff, J.L. and Piper, D.Z., 1979. Marine geology and
oceanography of the Pacific manganese nodule province.
Plenum Press, NY, 842 pp.
Bischoff, J.L., Heath, G.R. and Leinen, M.L., 1979.
Geochemistry of deep-sea sediments from the Pacific
manganese nodule province: DOMES Sites A, B, and C. In:
Bischoff, J.L. and Piper, D.Z. (eds), Marine geology and
oceanography of the Pacific manganese nodule province.
Plenum Press, NY, pp. 397-436.
Böllhofer, A., Eisenhauer, A., Frank, N., Pech, D. and Mangini,
A., 1996. Thorium and uranium isotopes in a manganese
nodule from the Peru basin determined by alpha
spectrometry and thermal ionization mass spectrometry
(TIMS): Are manganese supply and growth related to
climate? Geologische Rundschau, 85: 577-585.
Böllhofer, A., Frank, N., Rohloff, S., Mangini, A. and Scholten,
J.C., 1999. A record of changing redox conditions in the
northern Peru Basin during the Late Quaternary deduced
from Mn/Fe and growth rate variations in two diagenetic
manganese nodules. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
170: 403-415.
Bruland, K.W., 1983. Trace elements in sea-water. In: Riley,
J.P. and Chester, R. (eds), Chemical oceanography. Academic
Press, London, pp. 157-220.
Bruland, K.W., Orians, K.J. and Cowen, J.P., 1994.
Reactive trace metals in the stratified central North
Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58:
3171-3182.
Bruland, K.W. and Lohan, M.C., 2004. Controls of trace
metals in seawater. In: Elderfield, H. (ed.), Treatise
on geochemistry volume 6 The oceans and marine
geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 23-47.
Burgarth, K.P. and von Stackelberg, U., 1995. Sulfide -
impregnated
volcanics
and
ferromanganese
incrustations from the southern Lau Basin (Southwest
Pacific). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology,
13: 263-308.
Burns, R.G. and Burns, V.M., 1977. Mineralogy. In:
Glasby, G.P. (ed.), Marine manganese deposits.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 185-248.
Burns, R.G. and Burns, V.M., 1980. Manganese oxides.
Reviews in Mineralogy, 6: 1-46.
Burton, J.D. and Statham, P.J., 1988. Trace metals as
tracers in the ocean. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A325: 127-145.
Burton, K.W., Ling, H.-F. and O’Nions, R.K., 1997.
Closure of the central American Isthmus and its
effect on deep-water foand lacustrine nodules:
Distribution and geochemistry. In: Glasby, G.P. (ed.),
Marine manga-nese deposits. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 45-86.
Calvert, S.E. and Piper, D.Z., 1984. Geochemistry of
ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, Northern
Equatorial Pacific: Multiple diagentic metal sources in the
deep sea. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 48: 1913-1928.
Calvert, S.E.., Piper, D.Z. and Baedecker, P.A., 1987.
Geochemistry of the rare earth elements of ferromanganese
nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific.