363
References
Adkins, J.F., McIntyre, K., Schrag, D.P., 2002. The
salinity, temperature, and δ
18 O of the glacial deep
ocean. Science 298: 1769-1773.
Altabet, M., 1988. Variations in nitrogen isotopic
composition between sinking and suspended
particles: implications for nitrogen cycling and
particle transformation in the open ocean. Deep-Sea
Research 35: 535-554.
Altabet, M., Francois, R., 1994. Sedimentary nitrogen
isotopic ratio as recorder for surface ocean nitrate
utilization. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 103116.
Altabet, M., McCarthy, J., 1985. Temporal and spatial
variation in the natural abundance of
15 N in PON
from a warm-core ring. Deep-Sea Research 32: 755722.
Altabet, M., Curry, W.B., 1989. Testing models of past
ocean chemistry using foraminifera 15 N/ 14 N. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 3: 107-119.
Altabet, M., Deuser, W.G., Honjo, S., Stienen, C., 1991.
Seasonal and depth-related changes in the source of
sinking particles in the North Atlantic. Nature 354:
136-139.
Altenbach, A.v., Sarnthein, M., 1989. Productivity
record in benthic foraminifera. In: Berger, W.H.,
Smetacek, V.S., Wefer, G., (eds), Productivity of the
ocean: Present and Past. Wiley & Sons, New York,
pp 255-269.
Andersen, N., Müller, P.J., Kirst, G., Schneider, R.R.,
1999. Late Quaternary PCO 2 variations in the
Angola Current inferred from alkenone δ 13 C and
carbon demand estimated by δ 15 N. In: Fischer, G.,
Wefer, G., (eds), Proxies in Paleoceanography:
Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Berlin,
pp 469-488.
Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J.,
Land, L.S., 1983. Stable isotopes in sedimentary
geology. SEPM Short Course No. 10. SEPM, Tulsa,
OK, 432 pp.
Bemis, B.E., Spero, H.J., Bijma, J., Lea, D.W., 1998.
Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of
planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and
revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 13: 150-160.
Berger, W.H., Smetacek, V.S., Wefer, G., 1989. Productivity of the ocean: Present and Past. Wiley & Sons,
New York, 471 pp.
Berger, W.H., Vincent, E., 1986. Deep-sea carbonates:
reading the carbon-isotope signal. Geol Rundsch 75:
249-269.
Berner, R.A., Raiswell, R., 1983. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic
time: a new theory. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 47: 885-892.
Bickert, T., Pätzold, J., Samtleben, C., Munnecke, A.,
1997. Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian
indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells
from Gotland, Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 61: 2717-2739.
References
Problem 4
Seasonal δ
15
N values of particulate organic matter collected in a sediment trap off Namibia
varied between 3‰ at the end of spring and 8‰
during mid fall. Applying the principles of
Rayleigh fractionation to the nitrate utilization
in ocean surface water (eq. 10.22), what is the
range of nitrate utilization assuming an initial
δ
15
NO 3 value of 10‰ and an ε u of 10‰? How to
interpret those data in terms of seasonal changes in productivity?
Problem 5
Last glacial boron isotope composition of planktonic foraminifers has been shown to be 2‰
higher compared to the modern value of 23‰.
What is the result for surface ocean pH during
the last glacial? What happened to the carbonate ion concentration and consequently to
atmospheric pCO 2 assuming the ΣCO 2 to be the
same as today (see chapter 9)?
References
Adkins, J.F., McIntyre, K., Schrag, D.P., 2002. The
salinity, temperature, and δ
18 O of the glacial deep
ocean. Science 298: 1769-1773.
Altabet, M., 1988. Variations in nitrogen isotopic
composition between sinking and suspended
particles: implications for nitrogen cycling and
particle transformation in the open ocean. Deep-Sea
Research 35: 535-554.
Altabet, M., Francois, R., 1994. Sedimentary nitrogen
isotopic ratio as recorder for surface ocean nitrate
utilization. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 103116.
Altabet, M., McCarthy, J., 1985. Temporal and spatial
variation in the natural abundance of
15 N in PON
from a warm-core ring. Deep-Sea Research 32: 755722.
Altabet, M., Curry, W.B., 1989. Testing models of past
ocean chemistry using foraminifera 15 N/ 14 N. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 3: 107-119.
Altabet, M., Deuser, W.G., Honjo, S., Stienen, C., 1991.
Seasonal and depth-related changes in the source of
sinking particles in the North Atlantic. Nature 354:
136-139.
Altenbach, A.v., Sarnthein, M., 1989. Productivity
record in benthic foraminifera. In: Berger, W.H.,
Smetacek, V.S., Wefer, G., (eds), Productivity of the
ocean: Present and Past. Wiley & Sons, New York,
pp 255-269.
Andersen, N., Müller, P.J., Kirst, G., Schneider, R.R.,
1999. Late Quaternary PCO 2 variations in the
Angola Current inferred from alkenone δ 13 C and
carbon demand estimated by δ 15 N. In: Fischer, G.,
Wefer, G., (eds), Proxies in Paleoceanography:
Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Berlin,
pp 469-488.
Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J.,
Land, L.S., 1983. Stable isotopes in sedimentary
geology. SEPM Short Course No. 10. SEPM, Tulsa,
OK, 432 pp.
Bemis, B.E., Spero, H.J., Bijma, J., Lea, D.W., 1998.
Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of
planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and
revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 13: 150-160.
Berger, W.H., Smetacek, V.S., Wefer, G., 1989. Productivity of the ocean: Present and Past. Wiley & Sons,
New York, 471 pp.
Berger, W.H., Vincent, E., 1986. Deep-sea carbonates:
reading the carbon-isotope signal. Geol Rundsch 75:
249-269.
Berner, R.A., Raiswell, R., 1983. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic
time: a new theory. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 47: 885-892.
Bickert, T., Pätzold, J., Samtleben, C., Munnecke, A.,
1997. Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian
indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells
from Gotland, Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 61: 2717-2739.
References
Problem 4
Seasonal δ
15
N values of particulate organic matter collected in a sediment trap off Namibia
varied between 3‰ at the end of spring and 8‰
during mid fall. Applying the principles of
Rayleigh fractionation to the nitrate utilization
in ocean surface water (eq. 10.22), what is the
range of nitrate utilization assuming an initial
δ
15
NO 3 value of 10‰ and an ε u of 10‰? How to
interpret those data in terms of seasonal changes in productivity?
Problem 5
Last glacial boron isotope composition of planktonic foraminifers has been shown to be 2‰
higher compared to the modern value of 23‰.
What is the result for surface ocean pH during
the last glacial? What happened to the carbonate ion concentration and consequently to
atmospheric pCO 2 assuming the ΣCO 2 to be the
same as today (see chapter 9)?