Laboratory experiments allow scientists to study all mechanisms in an isolated
system. In this approach this is possible to better understand each single mechanism. With such unquestionable advantage, there are still some issues bothering the
scientists, which include problems with standardization and representativeness the
measurements (for example standardization of sea water, Meskhidze et al. 2013).
There are also problems with terminology unification.
With all advantages and disadvantages laboratory experiments are very important in the SSA flux study. Through such investigation it is possible to find the most
universal parameter describing the SSA emission.
The most influential articles in this subject from recent years concentrate mainly
on contribution of organic compounds to SSA chemical, physical and size distribution properties. Fuentes et al. (2010, 2011) presented results of investigating
impacts of phytoplankton on properties of primary marine aerosol and source
fluxes. Park et al. (2014a) investigate marine aerosol production based on measurements of insoluble submicrometer particles and biological materials in sea
water. In this article influence of anthropogenic contribution on size distribution is
described along with observed seasonal variability of marine aerosol concentration
changes with biological composition of sea water. Park et al. (2014b) investigated
mixing state of submicrometer SSA and measured differences between natural sea
water with artificial water in the laboratory environment. Prather et al. (2013)
presented results of newly implemented approach of laboratory experiment so
called mesocosm experiment. In this experiment it is possible to reproduce the
chemical complexity of SSA in artificial environment. For natural seawater, SSA
concentration variability was measured, depending on parameters such as phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria concentration or chlorophyll-a.
2.3 Remote Sensing
Remote sensing consists of all passive measurements, based on extinction
(absorption and scattering) of electromagnetic radiation by aerosol particles, in
given area or cross section. The most important remote sensing systems investigating the aerosol include:
• Maritime Aerosol Network (Smirnov et al. 2009), based on aerosol optical depth
(AOD) measurements using Microtops II sun photometers on board the ships
over the World’s Oceans.
• Aerosol Robotic Network, is the international program involving many ground
remote sensing aerosol networks established by NASA and PHOTONS
(PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire).
This federation gathers institutes, national agencies, individual scientist all over
the world. Collaboration via AERONET provides observation of AOD and all
related meteorological or other aerosol properties parameters.
42
P. Markuszewski
system. In this approach this is possible to better understand each single mechanism. With such unquestionable advantage, there are still some issues bothering the
scientists, which include problems with standardization and representativeness the
measurements (for example standardization of sea water, Meskhidze et al. 2013).
There are also problems with terminology unification.
With all advantages and disadvantages laboratory experiments are very important in the SSA flux study. Through such investigation it is possible to find the most
universal parameter describing the SSA emission.
The most influential articles in this subject from recent years concentrate mainly
on contribution of organic compounds to SSA chemical, physical and size distribution properties. Fuentes et al. (2010, 2011) presented results of investigating
impacts of phytoplankton on properties of primary marine aerosol and source
fluxes. Park et al. (2014a) investigate marine aerosol production based on measurements of insoluble submicrometer particles and biological materials in sea
water. In this article influence of anthropogenic contribution on size distribution is
described along with observed seasonal variability of marine aerosol concentration
changes with biological composition of sea water. Park et al. (2014b) investigated
mixing state of submicrometer SSA and measured differences between natural sea
water with artificial water in the laboratory environment. Prather et al. (2013)
presented results of newly implemented approach of laboratory experiment so
called mesocosm experiment. In this experiment it is possible to reproduce the
chemical complexity of SSA in artificial environment. For natural seawater, SSA
concentration variability was measured, depending on parameters such as phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria concentration or chlorophyll-a.
2.3 Remote Sensing
Remote sensing consists of all passive measurements, based on extinction
(absorption and scattering) of electromagnetic radiation by aerosol particles, in
given area or cross section. The most important remote sensing systems investigating the aerosol include:
• Maritime Aerosol Network (Smirnov et al. 2009), based on aerosol optical depth
(AOD) measurements using Microtops II sun photometers on board the ships
over the World’s Oceans.
• Aerosol Robotic Network, is the international program involving many ground
remote sensing aerosol networks established by NASA and PHOTONS
(PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire).
This federation gathers institutes, national agencies, individual scientist all over
the world. Collaboration via AERONET provides observation of AOD and all
related meteorological or other aerosol properties parameters.
42
P. Markuszewski