2 The Main Aspects of the SSA Studies
There are four general areas of SSA study: 1. in situ field measurements, 2. Laboratory Experiments, 3. Remote Sensing, 4. Regional and Global Modeling. Each
of these research aspects have their own particular approach and problems. In this
part of the article problems connected with each of these issues are shortly
presented.
2.1 In Situ Measurements
In situ measurements are probably the most problematic and also the most
important aspect of SSA study. The direct aerosol measurements in natural marine
environment are the closest to reflecting the real phenomena. Unfortunately, conducting measurements on the open ocean is very expensive and technically difficult
to carry. In recent years there were a number of measurement campaigns (inter alia
described by: Kulmala et al. 2011; Kleinman et al. 2012; Norris et al. 2012;
Lewandowska and Falkowska 2013; Petelski et al. 2014). Kulmala et al. (2011)
presented the main achievements of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air
Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI) which lasted from 1 January 2007 to 31
December 2010. That big project consisted of multidisciplinary investigations such
as observation of physical and chemical composition and optical properties of
aerosol particles over Europe, and comprehensive modeling of aerosol processes
from nano to global scale and their effects on climate and air quality. Kleinman
et al. (2012) presented results from the VOCALS Regional Experiment. In this
experiment aircraft observations of aerosol chemistry and physics, stratocumulus
clouds properties and atmospheric gaseous composition were conducted. Norris
et al. (2012) discussed results of 3 week measurements of marine aerosol fluxes on
board the ship in the open Atlantic Ocean region. In this work eddy correlation
method was used for wind speed range 4–18 m s
−1 and size 0.176 < R 80 < 6.61 µm.
Lewandowska and Falkowska (2013) presented results from observation of SSA
chemical composition in the open southern Baltic Sea region and coastal zone.
Petelski et al. (2014), presented results of sea spray flux measurements from
numerous cruises around the southern Baltic Sea region on board r/v ‘Oceania’.
Other campaign carried out in the Baltic Sea region is presented by Byčenkienė
et al. (2013). Based on the in situ measurements and trajectory-based approach, the
Potential Source Contribution Function analysis was performed. Such tool allows to
estimate the possible contribution of long-range and local aerosol number concentration transport. All the above mentioned studies are very challenging because
of their multidisciplinary character. It is necessary to posses, first of all knowledge
in meteorology, atmospheric physic, physical oceanography or biogeochemistry.
There are several aerosol flux measurement methods. De Leeuw et al. (2011),
described the following groups of methods:
Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes in the Near Water Boundary Layer …
39
There are four general areas of SSA study: 1. in situ field measurements, 2. Laboratory Experiments, 3. Remote Sensing, 4. Regional and Global Modeling. Each
of these research aspects have their own particular approach and problems. In this
part of the article problems connected with each of these issues are shortly
presented.
2.1 In Situ Measurements
In situ measurements are probably the most problematic and also the most
important aspect of SSA study. The direct aerosol measurements in natural marine
environment are the closest to reflecting the real phenomena. Unfortunately, conducting measurements on the open ocean is very expensive and technically difficult
to carry. In recent years there were a number of measurement campaigns (inter alia
described by: Kulmala et al. 2011; Kleinman et al. 2012; Norris et al. 2012;
Lewandowska and Falkowska 2013; Petelski et al. 2014). Kulmala et al. (2011)
presented the main achievements of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air
Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI) which lasted from 1 January 2007 to 31
December 2010. That big project consisted of multidisciplinary investigations such
as observation of physical and chemical composition and optical properties of
aerosol particles over Europe, and comprehensive modeling of aerosol processes
from nano to global scale and their effects on climate and air quality. Kleinman
et al. (2012) presented results from the VOCALS Regional Experiment. In this
experiment aircraft observations of aerosol chemistry and physics, stratocumulus
clouds properties and atmospheric gaseous composition were conducted. Norris
et al. (2012) discussed results of 3 week measurements of marine aerosol fluxes on
board the ship in the open Atlantic Ocean region. In this work eddy correlation
method was used for wind speed range 4–18 m s
−1 and size 0.176 < R 80 < 6.61 µm.
Lewandowska and Falkowska (2013) presented results from observation of SSA
chemical composition in the open southern Baltic Sea region and coastal zone.
Petelski et al. (2014), presented results of sea spray flux measurements from
numerous cruises around the southern Baltic Sea region on board r/v ‘Oceania’.
Other campaign carried out in the Baltic Sea region is presented by Byčenkienė
et al. (2013). Based on the in situ measurements and trajectory-based approach, the
Potential Source Contribution Function analysis was performed. Such tool allows to
estimate the possible contribution of long-range and local aerosol number concentration transport. All the above mentioned studies are very challenging because
of their multidisciplinary character. It is necessary to posses, first of all knowledge
in meteorology, atmospheric physic, physical oceanography or biogeochemistry.
There are several aerosol flux measurement methods. De Leeuw et al. (2011),
described the following groups of methods:
Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes in the Near Water Boundary Layer …
39