Physical Basis for Microwave Remote Sensing ...
503
that sensors operating at X-band provide information on sea ice mainly from the topmost 5 to
80 em, depending on ice type, salinity and temperature, whereas the corresponding numbers
for L-band sensors are 40 to 500 em.
103
5
-
Vant.1 aI. (1978)
Salrily by Weight
-
Van!.1 aI. [197~)
~ 2
-
HaJil ..,
k: 102
E
. .
"
~
5
<.>
"
2
~10 '
g
D
..
100 0
2
5
6
7
8
10 11
Frequency. GHz
10-2~0--~--~~3~~~-75--~6~~7~~8--~--~1~0~ 11
Frequency. GHz
Figure 18.10: Experimental (a) power absorption coefficient and (b) penetration depth of sea
ice, obtained by various investigators (Hallikainen and Winebrenner, 1992).
A number of attempts have been made to relate the dielectric properties of sea ice to the
relative brine volume V/,. Numerical relations for 1 GHz, 4 GHz, and 10 GH are (Hallikainen
and Winebrenner, 1992)
f:i = 3.12 + 0.009V/,j lGHz
f~i = 0.04 + 0.005V/,j lGHz
f:i = 3.05 + O.0072V/,j 4GH z
f~i = 0.02 + 0.0033V/, j4GHz
f:i = 3.00 + 0.012V/,j 10GH z
f~i = 0.0 + 0.010V/, j lOGHz
(18.15)
(18.16)
(18.17)
(18.18)
(18.19)
(18.20)