76
and 29-30 by Yuan Zhang; Figs. 18-23 and 27 by Todd P. Mitchell; Figs.
7 and 9 by James A. Renwick; and Fig. 10 by James W. Hurrell. Imke
Durre proofread the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. This work
was sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation's Climate
Dynamics Program under Grant ATM 9215512 and the NOAA Office of
Global Programs.
References
ALEKSEEV, G.V., LA. PODGORNY, AND P.N. SVYASTCHENNIKOV, 1991, Effect of the ocean's
heating on global climate fluctuations. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 320, 70-73, 1991
(in Russian)
BARNETT, T. P., 1978, Estimating variability of surface temperature in the Northern Hemisphere., Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1353-1367.
BARNSTON, A.G. AND R.E. LIVEZEY, 1987, Classification, seasonality and persistence oflow
frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083-1126.
BATTISTI, D.S., 1988, The dynamics and thermodynamics of a warm event in a coupled
atmosphere/ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2889-2919.
BATTISTI, D.S., AND A.C. HIRST, 1989, Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphereocean system: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos.
Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
BENGTSSON, L. AND J. SHUKLA, 1988, Integration of space and in situ observations to study
global climate change. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 1130-1143.
BJERKNES, J., 1966, A possible response of the Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of
ocean temperatures. Tellus, 18, 820-829.
BJERKNES, J., 1969, Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 97, 162-172.
BLACKMON, M.L., Y.-H. LEE, AND J. M. WALLACE, 1984, Horizontal structure of 500 mb
height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 41,
961-979.
BOTTOMLEY, M., C.K. FOLLAND, J. HSIUNG, R.E. NEWELL AND D.E. PARKER, 1990,
Global Ocean Stuface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA), Her Majesty's Stationnery Office,
London, 24pp + 313 plates.
BRADLEY, R.S., H.F. DIAZ, P.D. JONES AND P.M. KELLY, 1987, Secular fluctuations of
temperature averaged over northern hemisphere land areas and mainland China since the
mid-19th century. In Climate of China and Global Climate, D. Ye, C. Fu, J. Chao and M
Yoshino, eds., China Ocean Press, Beijing, 77-87.
BRANSTATOR, G.W., 1990, Low-frequency patterns induced by stationary waves. J. Atmos.
Sci., 47, 629-648.
CARDONE, V.J., J.G. GREENWOOD, AND M.A. CANE, 1990, On trends in historical marine
wind data. J. Climate, 3, 113-127.
and 29-30 by Yuan Zhang; Figs. 18-23 and 27 by Todd P. Mitchell; Figs.
7 and 9 by James A. Renwick; and Fig. 10 by James W. Hurrell. Imke
Durre proofread the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. This work
was sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation's Climate
Dynamics Program under Grant ATM 9215512 and the NOAA Office of
Global Programs.
References
ALEKSEEV, G.V., LA. PODGORNY, AND P.N. SVYASTCHENNIKOV, 1991, Effect of the ocean's
heating on global climate fluctuations. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 320, 70-73, 1991
(in Russian)
BARNETT, T. P., 1978, Estimating variability of surface temperature in the Northern Hemisphere., Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1353-1367.
BARNSTON, A.G. AND R.E. LIVEZEY, 1987, Classification, seasonality and persistence oflow
frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083-1126.
BATTISTI, D.S., 1988, The dynamics and thermodynamics of a warm event in a coupled
atmosphere/ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2889-2919.
BATTISTI, D.S., AND A.C. HIRST, 1989, Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphereocean system: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos.
Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
BENGTSSON, L. AND J. SHUKLA, 1988, Integration of space and in situ observations to study
global climate change. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 1130-1143.
BJERKNES, J., 1966, A possible response of the Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of
ocean temperatures. Tellus, 18, 820-829.
BJERKNES, J., 1969, Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 97, 162-172.
BLACKMON, M.L., Y.-H. LEE, AND J. M. WALLACE, 1984, Horizontal structure of 500 mb
height fluctuations with long, intermediate and short time scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 41,
961-979.
BOTTOMLEY, M., C.K. FOLLAND, J. HSIUNG, R.E. NEWELL AND D.E. PARKER, 1990,
Global Ocean Stuface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA), Her Majesty's Stationnery Office,
London, 24pp + 313 plates.
BRADLEY, R.S., H.F. DIAZ, P.D. JONES AND P.M. KELLY, 1987, Secular fluctuations of
temperature averaged over northern hemisphere land areas and mainland China since the
mid-19th century. In Climate of China and Global Climate, D. Ye, C. Fu, J. Chao and M
Yoshino, eds., China Ocean Press, Beijing, 77-87.
BRANSTATOR, G.W., 1990, Low-frequency patterns induced by stationary waves. J. Atmos.
Sci., 47, 629-648.
CARDONE, V.J., J.G. GREENWOOD, AND M.A. CANE, 1990, On trends in historical marine
wind data. J. Climate, 3, 113-127.