153
MARSHALL, J. AND F .MOLTENI, 1993, Toward a dynamical understanding of planetary-scale
flow regimes. J Atmos Sci, 50, 1792-1818.
METAlS, 0., J.J . RILEY, AND M.LESIEUR, 1994, Numerical simulations of stably-stratified rotating turbulence. From 'Stably stratified flow and dispersion over topography.' Eds LP.
Castro and N.J.Rockliff. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Mo, K.C. AND M.GHIL, 1988, Cluster analysis of multiple planetary flow regimes. J. Geophys. Res., 93D, 10, 927-10 952.
MOLTENI, F., S.TIBALDI AND T.N.PALMER, 1990, Regimes in the wintertime circulation
over northern extratropics I: Observational evidence. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 116, 31-67.
MOLTENI, F. AND S.TIBALDI, 1990, Regimes in the wintertime circulation over northern extratropics. II: Consequences for dynamical predictability. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 116, 12631288.
MOLTENI, F. AND T.N . PALMER, 1993, Predictability and finite-time instability of the northern winter circulation. Q J R Met Soc, 119, 269-298.
MOLTENI, F., R.BurzzA, T.N.PALMER, AND T.PETROLIAGIS, 1996, The ECMWF ensemble
prediction system: methodology and validation. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 73-120.
MOORE, A.M. AND R.KLEEMAN, 1996, The dynamics of error growth and predictability in a
coupled model of ENSO. Q. J.R.Meteorol.Soc., submitted.
MUKOUGAWA, H., M.KIMOTO, AND S.YODEN, 1991, A relationship between local error
growth and quasi-stationary states in the Lorenz system. J Atmos Sci, 48, 1231-1237.
MUNNICH, M., M.A. CANE, AND S.E.ZEBIAK, 1991, A study of self-excited oscillations in a
tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Part II: Nonlinear cases. J Atmos Sci, 48, 12381248.
NOBLE, B. AND J.W.DANIEL, 1977, Applied Linear Algebra. Prentice-Hall Inc. 477 pp.
ORR, W.M.F., 1907, The stability or instability of the steady motions of a perfect liquid and
of a viscous liquid,. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., A27, 9-138.
OSELEDEC, V.I., 1968, A multiplicative ergodic theorem. Lyapunov characteristic numbers for
dynamical systems. Trudy Mosk Mat Obsc, 19, 197.
PALMER, T.N., 1993, Extended-range atmospheric prediction and the Lorenz model. Bull Am
Met Soc, 74, 49-65.
PALMER, T.N., 1988, Medium and extended-range predictability and stability of the Pacific/North American mode. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 114, 691-713.
PALMER, T.N., 1993, A nonlinear dynamical perspective on climate change. Weather, 48,
313-348.
PALMER, T.N., 1994, Chaos and predictability in forecasting the monsoons. Proc.lndian Natn.
Sci. Acad., 60A, 57-66.
PALMER, T. N., AND D .A. MANSFIELD, 1986, A study of wintertime circulation anomalies during past EI Nino events using a high resolution general circulation modeL II: Variability
of the seasonal mean response. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 112, 639-660.
MARSHALL, J. AND F .MOLTENI, 1993, Toward a dynamical understanding of planetary-scale
flow regimes. J Atmos Sci, 50, 1792-1818.
METAlS, 0., J.J . RILEY, AND M.LESIEUR, 1994, Numerical simulations of stably-stratified rotating turbulence. From 'Stably stratified flow and dispersion over topography.' Eds LP.
Castro and N.J.Rockliff. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Mo, K.C. AND M.GHIL, 1988, Cluster analysis of multiple planetary flow regimes. J. Geophys. Res., 93D, 10, 927-10 952.
MOLTENI, F., S.TIBALDI AND T.N.PALMER, 1990, Regimes in the wintertime circulation
over northern extratropics I: Observational evidence. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 116, 31-67.
MOLTENI, F. AND S.TIBALDI, 1990, Regimes in the wintertime circulation over northern extratropics. II: Consequences for dynamical predictability. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 116, 12631288.
MOLTENI, F. AND T.N . PALMER, 1993, Predictability and finite-time instability of the northern winter circulation. Q J R Met Soc, 119, 269-298.
MOLTENI, F., R.BurzzA, T.N.PALMER, AND T.PETROLIAGIS, 1996, The ECMWF ensemble
prediction system: methodology and validation. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 73-120.
MOORE, A.M. AND R.KLEEMAN, 1996, The dynamics of error growth and predictability in a
coupled model of ENSO. Q. J.R.Meteorol.Soc., submitted.
MUKOUGAWA, H., M.KIMOTO, AND S.YODEN, 1991, A relationship between local error
growth and quasi-stationary states in the Lorenz system. J Atmos Sci, 48, 1231-1237.
MUNNICH, M., M.A. CANE, AND S.E.ZEBIAK, 1991, A study of self-excited oscillations in a
tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Part II: Nonlinear cases. J Atmos Sci, 48, 12381248.
NOBLE, B. AND J.W.DANIEL, 1977, Applied Linear Algebra. Prentice-Hall Inc. 477 pp.
ORR, W.M.F., 1907, The stability or instability of the steady motions of a perfect liquid and
of a viscous liquid,. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., A27, 9-138.
OSELEDEC, V.I., 1968, A multiplicative ergodic theorem. Lyapunov characteristic numbers for
dynamical systems. Trudy Mosk Mat Obsc, 19, 197.
PALMER, T.N., 1993, Extended-range atmospheric prediction and the Lorenz model. Bull Am
Met Soc, 74, 49-65.
PALMER, T.N., 1988, Medium and extended-range predictability and stability of the Pacific/North American mode. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 114, 691-713.
PALMER, T.N., 1993, A nonlinear dynamical perspective on climate change. Weather, 48,
313-348.
PALMER, T.N., 1994, Chaos and predictability in forecasting the monsoons. Proc.lndian Natn.
Sci. Acad., 60A, 57-66.
PALMER, T. N., AND D .A. MANSFIELD, 1986, A study of wintertime circulation anomalies during past EI Nino events using a high resolution general circulation modeL II: Variability
of the seasonal mean response. Q.J.R.Meteor.Soc., 112, 639-660.