112
F. J. Millero
Fig. 4.20. Plots of the various
Sulfur (mmal kg-1)
sulfur species in the Frarnvaren
0
5
1 0
15
20
Fjord. The initial concentrations
0 , - - - , . . - -.... ;;;::::;c---,---,
are calculated from the salinity
using S04/ S = 28.28/35 mM
(Anderson et al. 1988)
50 -
§
t 100
~
150
200 ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - '
If one further assumes (Yao and Millero 1995b) that total inorganic carbon, ammonia
and phosphate in the anoxic waters of the Framvaren are produced only through the
decomposition of organic matter based on Reaction 4.9 and there are no significant
removals for them. This assumption is supported by the fact that the correlation between C, Nand P is better than the correlation between C, N, P with H2S. In order to
rebalance the measured NH;/H2S and POl-/H2S ratios (0.30 and 0.019, respectively)
to the new model values (0.20 and 0.013, respectively), the initially formed H2S should
equal to [H2S1initi = (77-5 I 53) x [H2S1meas .. In other words, about 30% of the H2S produced from sulfate reduction has been removed, which corresponds to 2.8 mM SO~anomalies in the bottom water. This is equal to the estimate (about 3 mM in the bottom water) made by Dyrssen (1988) by calculating the SO~- balance (see Fig. 4.20). As
discussed above, the removal of sulfide includes the processes such as oxidation, formation of FeS2' diffusion and incorporation into organic matter.
If we take the initially formed H 2 S ([H2Shniti) instead of the measured values, the
ratios of TC02/[H2S1 initi. and TAf[H2S1 initi. are 2.04 and 2.33, respectively, which are close
to the model values. The C/N ratio is 10 in the Black Sea, which is the same value as in
the Framvaren. The extremely high value of C/P ratio may be due to the anomalous
behavior of phosphate as discussed earlier. Higher C/N and C/P ratios in the Black
Sea may also result from the large influence from terrestrial inputs. The C/N/P ratio
in the Cariaco Trench, which is a typical open ocean with little terrestrial input, is found
to be 10711511 and agrees well with the Redfield value.
4.4
The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters
Molecular oxygen is the most important and abundant oxidant for hydrogen sulfide in
natural waters, followed by Mn02 and Fe203. This oxidation involves a complex mecha-
F. J. Millero
Fig. 4.20. Plots of the various
Sulfur (mmal kg-1)
sulfur species in the Frarnvaren
0
5
1 0
15
20
Fjord. The initial concentrations
0 , - - - , . . - -.... ;;;::::;c---,---,
are calculated from the salinity
using S04/ S = 28.28/35 mM
(Anderson et al. 1988)
50 -
§
t 100
~
150
200 ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - '
If one further assumes (Yao and Millero 1995b) that total inorganic carbon, ammonia
and phosphate in the anoxic waters of the Framvaren are produced only through the
decomposition of organic matter based on Reaction 4.9 and there are no significant
removals for them. This assumption is supported by the fact that the correlation between C, Nand P is better than the correlation between C, N, P with H2S. In order to
rebalance the measured NH;/H2S and POl-/H2S ratios (0.30 and 0.019, respectively)
to the new model values (0.20 and 0.013, respectively), the initially formed H2S should
equal to [H2S1initi = (77-5 I 53) x [H2S1meas .. In other words, about 30% of the H2S produced from sulfate reduction has been removed, which corresponds to 2.8 mM SO~anomalies in the bottom water. This is equal to the estimate (about 3 mM in the bottom water) made by Dyrssen (1988) by calculating the SO~- balance (see Fig. 4.20). As
discussed above, the removal of sulfide includes the processes such as oxidation, formation of FeS2' diffusion and incorporation into organic matter.
If we take the initially formed H 2 S ([H2Shniti) instead of the measured values, the
ratios of TC02/[H2S1 initi. and TAf[H2S1 initi. are 2.04 and 2.33, respectively, which are close
to the model values. The C/N ratio is 10 in the Black Sea, which is the same value as in
the Framvaren. The extremely high value of C/P ratio may be due to the anomalous
behavior of phosphate as discussed earlier. Higher C/N and C/P ratios in the Black
Sea may also result from the large influence from terrestrial inputs. The C/N/P ratio
in the Cariaco Trench, which is a typical open ocean with little terrestrial input, is found
to be 10711511 and agrees well with the Redfield value.
4.4
The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters
Molecular oxygen is the most important and abundant oxidant for hydrogen sulfide in
natural waters, followed by Mn02 and Fe203. This oxidation involves a complex mecha-