x
Contents
8.5 Principle of Ligand Competition .................................................... 178
8.6 Determination of Labile Metal Concentrations Using CSV ..................... 179
8.7 Calculation of aML ..................................................................... 179
8.8 Calibration of aMAL .................................................................... 180
8.9 Determination of Ligand Concentrations and Conditional Stability
Constants Using CSV with Ligand Competition .................................. 180
8.10 How to Evaluate the Ligand Titrations: van den Berg/Ruzic Plots ............. 182
8.10.1 Example of a Ligand Titration with Copper ............................... 184
8.11 Effects of the Detection Window .................................................... 184
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 186
References ............................................................................... 186
9
Organic Complexation of Metals in Sea Water ................................ 189
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 189
9.2 Distributions of Organic Metal Complexing Ligands ............................ 190
9.2.1 Competition between Copper and Zinc .................................... 191
9.2.2 Iron Complexing Ligands ..................................................... 192
9.3 Sources of Ligands ..................................................................... 194
9.4 Composition of Ligands ............................................................... 194
9.5 Calculation of Metal Complexation by the Ligands ............................... 194
9.5.1 At High Natural Ligand Concentrations .................................... 196
9.5.2 At Low Ligand Concentrations ............................................... 197
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 199
References ............................................................................... 199
10 Occurence, Pathways and Bioaccumulation of Organometallic
Compounds in Marine Environments .... ............................... '" ...... 201
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 201
10.2 Organotin Compounds: Environmental Chemical Aspects ..................... 201
10.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Hydride Generation -
Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
(HPLC-HG-ICP/AES) Hyphenated System to Organotin Analysis ............. 204
10.4 An Example of a "Field Study": The Butyltin Distribution in the
Genoa Oil Port .......................................................................... 205
References ............................................................................... 210
11 Hydrolysis Processes of Organotin(lV) Compounds in Sea Water ........ 213
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 213
11.2 Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Organotin(IV) Compounds ................... 214
11.2.1 Trialkyltin Compounds ....................................................... 215
11.2.2 Dialkyltin Compounds ........................................................ 216
11.2.3 Monoalkyltin Compounds .................................................... 218
11.3 Salt Effect on the Hydrolysis Process ................................................ 219
11.4 Dependence on Ionic Strength of Hydrolysis Constants ......................... 220
11.5 Dependence on Temperature of Hydrolysis Constants ........................... 221
11.6 Hydrolysis of Organotin(IV) Compounds in Sea Water ......................... 222
11.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 226
Contents
8.5 Principle of Ligand Competition .................................................... 178
8.6 Determination of Labile Metal Concentrations Using CSV ..................... 179
8.7 Calculation of aML ..................................................................... 179
8.8 Calibration of aMAL .................................................................... 180
8.9 Determination of Ligand Concentrations and Conditional Stability
Constants Using CSV with Ligand Competition .................................. 180
8.10 How to Evaluate the Ligand Titrations: van den Berg/Ruzic Plots ............. 182
8.10.1 Example of a Ligand Titration with Copper ............................... 184
8.11 Effects of the Detection Window .................................................... 184
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 186
References ............................................................................... 186
9
Organic Complexation of Metals in Sea Water ................................ 189
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 189
9.2 Distributions of Organic Metal Complexing Ligands ............................ 190
9.2.1 Competition between Copper and Zinc .................................... 191
9.2.2 Iron Complexing Ligands ..................................................... 192
9.3 Sources of Ligands ..................................................................... 194
9.4 Composition of Ligands ............................................................... 194
9.5 Calculation of Metal Complexation by the Ligands ............................... 194
9.5.1 At High Natural Ligand Concentrations .................................... 196
9.5.2 At Low Ligand Concentrations ............................................... 197
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 199
References ............................................................................... 199
10 Occurence, Pathways and Bioaccumulation of Organometallic
Compounds in Marine Environments .... ............................... '" ...... 201
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 201
10.2 Organotin Compounds: Environmental Chemical Aspects ..................... 201
10.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Hydride Generation -
Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
(HPLC-HG-ICP/AES) Hyphenated System to Organotin Analysis ............. 204
10.4 An Example of a "Field Study": The Butyltin Distribution in the
Genoa Oil Port .......................................................................... 205
References ............................................................................... 210
11 Hydrolysis Processes of Organotin(lV) Compounds in Sea Water ........ 213
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 213
11.2 Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Organotin(IV) Compounds ................... 214
11.2.1 Trialkyltin Compounds ....................................................... 215
11.2.2 Dialkyltin Compounds ........................................................ 216
11.2.3 Monoalkyltin Compounds .................................................... 218
11.3 Salt Effect on the Hydrolysis Process ................................................ 219
11.4 Dependence on Ionic Strength of Hydrolysis Constants ......................... 220
11.5 Dependence on Temperature of Hydrolysis Constants ........................... 221
11.6 Hydrolysis of Organotin(IV) Compounds in Sea Water ......................... 222
11.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 226