502
peroxy radical 92
peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) 58
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 325,
327-328, 411
-, degradation 328
-, detoxification 325
-, spatial distribution 328
Peru 110,121,128,135,139,158-160,162,434,437
-, palaeoclimate 434
-, area 128, 135
-, region 139,158-160,162
pesticide 93, 316, 325-326, 337, 403, 405-407, 410
petroleum 46, 59, 94, 332, 429
peusochiasmata 362
pH 4-5, 9, 36, 73, 97, 99-101, 165, 168-169, 171-172,
174-175,194,210-212,214-215,217,222,231-232,
236-237,241-243,246,248,250,261,299-302,
388-389,395-396,416-419,421-422,455-456,
463-464,473
Phaeocystis pouchetii 54
Phaeophyceae 341
phagocytosis 362
Phalacrocorax auritus 316
phenol 92,100-101,150,225,231-232,310,427
-, photodecomposition 101
phenols, halogenated, formation 101
phenylalanine 474
pheophorbide 137, 140
pheromone 313-314
Phoca
-, groenlandica 318
-, hispida 318
phosphate 63,97,117,119,170,241-243,260,338,
345, 400, 417, 447, 449
-, dissolved 117
phosphatidyl
-, arsenocholine 349, 351
-,arsenosugar 349
phospholipid 243
phosphonucleotide 243
phosphoric acid 243
phosphorus 95-96, 117, 132, 241, 474-475
-, concentration 241
-, limitation, primary production 117
-, P04 15,199,447,453
-, PO{- 3,194,215,242,244-245
-, uptake by sediment 117
photic zone 63, 85, 429-432, 447
photo-absorption 88
photochemical
-, processes 83, 89-91
-, euphotic zone 83
-, reaction 38
-, transformation 83
photochemistry 61, 87-88, 93
photodecomposition 86, 100
-, phenol 101
photodegradation 100-101
photolysis 85, 87-88, 92, 94
-, direct 87
-, indirect 88
-, rate 85, 87-88
photon 84, 86, 89
photoproduct 86-87
photoprotein 409
photoreactant 88
photoreaction 83-85, 87-89
-, indirect 88
-, iron 98
-, xenobiotic 83
photosensitization 88
photosynthate 437, 469
Index
photosynthesis 83,94,105-107,116-118,391,424,
438,469
-,anoxygenic 429
-, phytoplankton 83
phthalate 329, 332-333
-, contamination of water 329
phyto-oestrogen 410
phytoplankton 54,72,83,94-95,125,127-128,
131,136,139-140,155-156,158,160,214,238,
338,341,389-390,395,424,429,433,43h
469-470,475
-, bloom 127
-, growth 95, 390, 470
-, rate 95
-, photosynthesis 83
-, primary production 125
PIC see particulate inorganic carbon
pigment 127,129,133,135-136,160,431-432
Pigmy Basin 439-440
Pitzer 28, 199-202, 217, 225, 243, 267-268,
270-281,285-286,288,291,298
-, coefficients 217
-, equations 28
-,model 202,267-268,270,272,274,278-281
-,parameter 201,272-273,275-278,280
pK 172, 206-207, 217, 283-286, 290-292
p~ 206,283-286,290-292
pKs 174-175,207
pKsp 175
plankton 88, 94, 127, 135, 137, 170, 339, 347, 424, 470
-, community 135
-, marine 94, 170, 424
plant 3,15,37-38,62,83,136,149-150,181,313,
394, 411, 415, 424, 426-427, 456, 469
-, C3 42 6
-, C4 42 6
-, underwater 83
-,vascular 149,426
plasma 315-316,338,359,405
plasmid 408, 410-411
-, vector 408
plastic 411
plasticizer 410
Pleistocene 66, 433
plume 41-42, 44, 53, 62, 65-66
plutonium 297
PN see particulate nitrogen
PNRA see Italian National Program for
Antarctic Research
Po River 329,458-459,470-471,474-479
POC see particulate organic carbon
polar 318,391, 393, 432, 445
peroxy radical 92
peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) 58
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 325,
327-328, 411
-, degradation 328
-, detoxification 325
-, spatial distribution 328
Peru 110,121,128,135,139,158-160,162,434,437
-, palaeoclimate 434
-, area 128, 135
-, region 139,158-160,162
pesticide 93, 316, 325-326, 337, 403, 405-407, 410
petroleum 46, 59, 94, 332, 429
peusochiasmata 362
pH 4-5, 9, 36, 73, 97, 99-101, 165, 168-169, 171-172,
174-175,194,210-212,214-215,217,222,231-232,
236-237,241-243,246,248,250,261,299-302,
388-389,395-396,416-419,421-422,455-456,
463-464,473
Phaeocystis pouchetii 54
Phaeophyceae 341
phagocytosis 362
Phalacrocorax auritus 316
phenol 92,100-101,150,225,231-232,310,427
-, photodecomposition 101
phenols, halogenated, formation 101
phenylalanine 474
pheophorbide 137, 140
pheromone 313-314
Phoca
-, groenlandica 318
-, hispida 318
phosphate 63,97,117,119,170,241-243,260,338,
345, 400, 417, 447, 449
-, dissolved 117
phosphatidyl
-, arsenocholine 349, 351
-,arsenosugar 349
phospholipid 243
phosphonucleotide 243
phosphoric acid 243
phosphorus 95-96, 117, 132, 241, 474-475
-, concentration 241
-, limitation, primary production 117
-, P04 15,199,447,453
-, PO{- 3,194,215,242,244-245
-, uptake by sediment 117
photic zone 63, 85, 429-432, 447
photo-absorption 88
photochemical
-, processes 83, 89-91
-, euphotic zone 83
-, reaction 38
-, transformation 83
photochemistry 61, 87-88, 93
photodecomposition 86, 100
-, phenol 101
photodegradation 100-101
photolysis 85, 87-88, 92, 94
-, direct 87
-, indirect 88
-, rate 85, 87-88
photon 84, 86, 89
photoproduct 86-87
photoprotein 409
photoreactant 88
photoreaction 83-85, 87-89
-, indirect 88
-, iron 98
-, xenobiotic 83
photosensitization 88
photosynthate 437, 469
Index
photosynthesis 83,94,105-107,116-118,391,424,
438,469
-,anoxygenic 429
-, phytoplankton 83
phthalate 329, 332-333
-, contamination of water 329
phyto-oestrogen 410
phytoplankton 54,72,83,94-95,125,127-128,
131,136,139-140,155-156,158,160,214,238,
338,341,389-390,395,424,429,433,43h
469-470,475
-, bloom 127
-, growth 95, 390, 470
-, rate 95
-, photosynthesis 83
-, primary production 125
PIC see particulate inorganic carbon
pigment 127,129,133,135-136,160,431-432
Pigmy Basin 439-440
Pitzer 28, 199-202, 217, 225, 243, 267-268,
270-281,285-286,288,291,298
-, coefficients 217
-, equations 28
-,model 202,267-268,270,272,274,278-281
-,parameter 201,272-273,275-278,280
pK 172, 206-207, 217, 283-286, 290-292
p~ 206,283-286,290-292
pKs 174-175,207
pKsp 175
plankton 88, 94, 127, 135, 137, 170, 339, 347, 424, 470
-, community 135
-, marine 94, 170, 424
plant 3,15,37-38,62,83,136,149-150,181,313,
394, 411, 415, 424, 426-427, 456, 469
-, C3 42 6
-, C4 42 6
-, underwater 83
-,vascular 149,426
plasma 315-316,338,359,405
plasmid 408, 410-411
-, vector 408
plastic 411
plasticizer 410
Pleistocene 66, 433
plume 41-42, 44, 53, 62, 65-66
plutonium 297
PN see particulate nitrogen
PNRA see Italian National Program for
Antarctic Research
Po River 329,458-459,470-471,474-479
POC see particulate organic carbon
polar 318,391, 393, 432, 445