Contents
9.2.4 Ocean Current Measurements
9.2.5 Wave Measurements
xv
9.3 Remote Sensing Techniques . . . . .
307
312
314
314
315
317
9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Surface Waves Observed by Satellites
9.3.3 Tides Observed by Satellites . . . . .
9.3.4 Ocean Circulation Observed by Satellites
317
9.3.5 Sea Surface Temperature Measured by Satellites
318
9.4 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
9.4.1 Introduction . . . . . .
9.4.2 Dimensional Analysis . . . . .
9.4.3 Similitude Principles . . . . .
9.5 Spectral and Statistical Analysis of Time Series
9.5.1 Data Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
319
320
324
326
326
9.5.2 Standardization of Data, Trend Removal and Filtering
328
9.5.3 Calculation of Frequency Spectra . . . . . . . . .
329
9.5.4 Calculation of Statistical Characteristics of Waves
334
Part III: Marine Environment and Ecology
10 Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
337
337
10.2 Definition of Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials
338
10.2.1 Stress and Strain . . . .
338
10.2.2 Shear-Stress and Strain.
340
10.2.3 Viscoelasticity. . . . .
342
10.2.4 Bending . . . . . . . . .
343
10.2.5 Stiffness and Strength .
346
10.2.6 Overview of Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials .347
10.3 The Density of Marine Organisms
11 Locomotion of Marine Animals
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Buoyancy in Marine Animals
11.3 Mechanics of Animal Swimming
11.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . .
11.3.2 Classification of Fish Swimming Modes
351
353
353
353
357
357
358
11.3.3 Kinematics, Speed and Size . . . . .
359
11.3.4 Transmission of Forces Between Fish and Water
363
11.3.5 Jet Propulsion Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . .
367
11.3.6 Swimming in Low Reynolds Number Environment.
369
11.4 Swimming Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372