XVI
Contents
12 Internal Flows in Marine Organisms
377
377
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Flow in Pipes Revisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
377
12.3 Blood as Fluid and its Circulation in Marine Organisms.
383
12.4 Propagation of the Pressure Pulse .
385
12.5 Oxygen Supply in Marine Animals . . . . . .
388
13 Transport and Mixing in Coastal Ecosystems
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 Transport and Mixing in Estuaries .. .
13.2.1 A Brief Orientation . . . . . . . .
391
391
392
392
13.2.2 Sediment Transport in Estuaries.
392
13.2.3 Dispersion in Non-Vegetated and Vegetated Estuaries
397
13.2.4 Influence of Mixing on Primary Production.
401
13.3 Dispersion of River Plumes. . . . . . . . . .
408
13.4 Larval Settlement and External Fertilization
411
13.4.1 Settlement of Larvae . . . . . . . . .
411
13.4.2 External Fertilization. . . . . . . . .
414
13.4.3 Dispersion of Coral Eggs Following Mass Coral Spawning 415
14 Tides and Waves on Vegetated Coasts
417
14.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
417
14.2 Tides and Waves in Mangrove Forests. . . . . . . . . . .
418
14.2.1 Tide-Induced Water Motion in Mangrove Forests
418
14.2.2 Storm or Cyclone-Induced Waves in Mangrove Forests
419
14.2.3 Sedimentation in Mangrove Forests . .
425
14.3 Tidal Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
426
14.3.1 Tidal and Wave Motion on Tidal Flats
426
14.3.2 Salinity and Sediment Transport on Tidal Flats
427
14.4 Waves at Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
428
14.4.1 A Brief Overview . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
428
14.4.2 Wave Transformation and Breaking on Coral Reefs
430
14.4.3 Water Circulation on Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . .
433
14.4.4 Impact of Waves on Physical Degradation of Reefs.
434
14.5 Seaweeds and Seagrasses .
446
14.5.1 Seaweeds. . .
446
14.5.2 Seagrasses . .
451
14.6 Coastal Fluid Muds.
451
15 Vertical Structure of Ocean Waters and Biological
Productivity
453
15.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
453
15.2 Upwelling and Biological Production
454
15.2.1 General Overview . . . . . . .
454
Contents
12 Internal Flows in Marine Organisms
377
377
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Flow in Pipes Revisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
377
12.3 Blood as Fluid and its Circulation in Marine Organisms.
383
12.4 Propagation of the Pressure Pulse .
385
12.5 Oxygen Supply in Marine Animals . . . . . .
388
13 Transport and Mixing in Coastal Ecosystems
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 Transport and Mixing in Estuaries .. .
13.2.1 A Brief Orientation . . . . . . . .
391
391
392
392
13.2.2 Sediment Transport in Estuaries.
392
13.2.3 Dispersion in Non-Vegetated and Vegetated Estuaries
397
13.2.4 Influence of Mixing on Primary Production.
401
13.3 Dispersion of River Plumes. . . . . . . . . .
408
13.4 Larval Settlement and External Fertilization
411
13.4.1 Settlement of Larvae . . . . . . . . .
411
13.4.2 External Fertilization. . . . . . . . .
414
13.4.3 Dispersion of Coral Eggs Following Mass Coral Spawning 415
14 Tides and Waves on Vegetated Coasts
417
14.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
417
14.2 Tides and Waves in Mangrove Forests. . . . . . . . . . .
418
14.2.1 Tide-Induced Water Motion in Mangrove Forests
418
14.2.2 Storm or Cyclone-Induced Waves in Mangrove Forests
419
14.2.3 Sedimentation in Mangrove Forests . .
425
14.3 Tidal Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
426
14.3.1 Tidal and Wave Motion on Tidal Flats
426
14.3.2 Salinity and Sediment Transport on Tidal Flats
427
14.4 Waves at Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
428
14.4.1 A Brief Overview . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
428
14.4.2 Wave Transformation and Breaking on Coral Reefs
430
14.4.3 Water Circulation on Coral Reefs . . . . . . . . . .
433
14.4.4 Impact of Waves on Physical Degradation of Reefs.
434
14.5 Seaweeds and Seagrasses .
446
14.5.1 Seaweeds. . .
446
14.5.2 Seagrasses . .
451
14.6 Coastal Fluid Muds.
451
15 Vertical Structure of Ocean Waters and Biological
Productivity
453
15.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
453
15.2 Upwelling and Biological Production
454
15.2.1 General Overview . . . . . . .
454