214
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Liwanag, H.E.M., A. Berta, D.P. Costa, S.M. Budge, and T.M. Williams. 2012b. Morphological and
thermal properties of mammalian insulation: The evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107(4):774–787.
Lowenstine, L.J. and K.G. Osborn. 1990. Practical marine mammal microanatomy for pathologists.
In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, ed. L. Dierauf,
pp. 287–290. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Luque, S.P. and D. Aurioles-Gamboa. 2001. Sex differences in body size and body condition of
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups from the Gulf of California. Marine Mammal
Science 17(1):147–160.
MacArthur, R.A. 1989. Aquatic mammals in cold. In Animal Adaptation to Cold. Vol. 4, ed. L.C.H.
Wang, 289-325, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Mauck, B., K. Bilgmann, D.D. Jones, U. Eysel, and G. Dehnhardt. 2003. Thermal windows on the
trunk of hauled-out seals: Hot spots for thermoregulatory evaporation? Journal of Experimental
Biology 206(10):1727–1738.
McCafferty, D.J., C. Gilbert, W. Paterson et al. 2011. Estimating metabolic heat loss in birds and
mammals by combining infrared thermography with biophysical modelling. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology A—Molecular & Integrative Physiology 158(3):337–345.
McCafferty, D.J., C. Gilbert, A.M. Thierry, J. Currie, Y. Le Maho, and A. Ancel. 2013. Emperor penguin body surfaces cool below air temperature. Biology Letters 9(3):20121192.
McCafferty, D.J., J.B. Moncrieff, I.R. Taylor, and G.F. Boddie. 1998. The use of IR thermography to
measure the radiative temperature and heat loss of a barn owl (Tyto alba). Journal of Thermal
Biology 23(5):311–318.
McCafferty, D.J., S. Moss, K. Bennett, and P.P. Pomeroy. 2005. Factors influencing the radiative
surface temperature of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups during early and late lactation. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology
175(6):423–431.
Meir, J.U. and P.J. Ponganis. 2010. Blood temperature profiles of diving elephant seals. Physiological
and Biochemical Zoology 83(3):531–540.
Mellish, J., J. Nienaber, L. Polasek, and M. Horning. 2013. Beneath the surface: Profiling blubber
depth in pinnipeds with infrared imaging. Journal of Thermal Biology 38(1):10–13.
Mellish, J.A.E., A.G. Hindle, and M. Horning. 2011. Health and condition in the adult Weddell seal
of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Zoology 114(3):177–183.
Mellish, J.A.E., M. Horning, and A.E. York. 2007. Seasonal and spatial blubber depth changes in
captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and Steller’s sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of
Mammalogy 88(2):408–414.
Mellish, J.A., P.A. Tuomi, and M. Horning. 2004. Assessment of ultrasound imaging as a noninvasive
measure of blubber thickness in pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(1):116–118.
Mellish, J.E., A.G. Hindle, J.D. Skinner, and M. Horning. 2015. Heat loss in air of an Antarctic marine
mammal, the Weddell seal. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 185(1):143–152.
Mellish, J.E., S.J. Iverson, W.D. Bowen, and M.O. Hammill. 1999. Fat transfer and energetics during
lactation in the hooded seal: The roles of tissue lipoprotein lipase in milk fat secretion and pup
blubber deposition. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—Biochemical Systemic and Environmental
Physiology 169(6):377–390.
Morrison, P., M. Rosenmann, and J.A. Estes. 1974. Metabolism and thermoregulation in the sea otter.
Physiological Zoology 47:218–229.
Nienaber, J., J. Thomton, M. Horning, L. Polasek, and J. Mellish. 2010. Thermal windows in seals and
sea lions. Journal of Thermal Biology 35:435–440.
Nilssen, K.T., T. Haug, and C. Lindblom. 2001. Diet of weaned pups and seasonal variations in body condition of juvenile Barents Sea harp seals Phoca groenlandica. Marine Mammal Science 17(4):926–936.
Noren, D.P., T.M. Williams, P. Berry, and E. Butler. 1999. Thermoregulation during swimming
and diving in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—
Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 169(2):93–99.
Noren, S.R., L.E. Pearson, J. Davis, S.J. Trumble, and S.B. Kanatous. 2008. Different thermoregulatory
strategies in nearly weaned pup, yearling, and adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli).
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81(6):868–879.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Liwanag, H.E.M., A. Berta, D.P. Costa, S.M. Budge, and T.M. Williams. 2012b. Morphological and
thermal properties of mammalian insulation: The evolutionary transition to blubber in pinnipeds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107(4):774–787.
Lowenstine, L.J. and K.G. Osborn. 1990. Practical marine mammal microanatomy for pathologists.
In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, ed. L. Dierauf,
pp. 287–290. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Luque, S.P. and D. Aurioles-Gamboa. 2001. Sex differences in body size and body condition of
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups from the Gulf of California. Marine Mammal
Science 17(1):147–160.
MacArthur, R.A. 1989. Aquatic mammals in cold. In Animal Adaptation to Cold. Vol. 4, ed. L.C.H.
Wang, 289-325, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Mauck, B., K. Bilgmann, D.D. Jones, U. Eysel, and G. Dehnhardt. 2003. Thermal windows on the
trunk of hauled-out seals: Hot spots for thermoregulatory evaporation? Journal of Experimental
Biology 206(10):1727–1738.
McCafferty, D.J., C. Gilbert, W. Paterson et al. 2011. Estimating metabolic heat loss in birds and
mammals by combining infrared thermography with biophysical modelling. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology A—Molecular & Integrative Physiology 158(3):337–345.
McCafferty, D.J., C. Gilbert, A.M. Thierry, J. Currie, Y. Le Maho, and A. Ancel. 2013. Emperor penguin body surfaces cool below air temperature. Biology Letters 9(3):20121192.
McCafferty, D.J., J.B. Moncrieff, I.R. Taylor, and G.F. Boddie. 1998. The use of IR thermography to
measure the radiative temperature and heat loss of a barn owl (Tyto alba). Journal of Thermal
Biology 23(5):311–318.
McCafferty, D.J., S. Moss, K. Bennett, and P.P. Pomeroy. 2005. Factors influencing the radiative
surface temperature of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups during early and late lactation. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology
175(6):423–431.
Meir, J.U. and P.J. Ponganis. 2010. Blood temperature profiles of diving elephant seals. Physiological
and Biochemical Zoology 83(3):531–540.
Mellish, J., J. Nienaber, L. Polasek, and M. Horning. 2013. Beneath the surface: Profiling blubber
depth in pinnipeds with infrared imaging. Journal of Thermal Biology 38(1):10–13.
Mellish, J.A.E., A.G. Hindle, and M. Horning. 2011. Health and condition in the adult Weddell seal
of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Zoology 114(3):177–183.
Mellish, J.A.E., M. Horning, and A.E. York. 2007. Seasonal and spatial blubber depth changes in
captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and Steller’s sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of
Mammalogy 88(2):408–414.
Mellish, J.A., P.A. Tuomi, and M. Horning. 2004. Assessment of ultrasound imaging as a noninvasive
measure of blubber thickness in pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(1):116–118.
Mellish, J.E., A.G. Hindle, J.D. Skinner, and M. Horning. 2015. Heat loss in air of an Antarctic marine
mammal, the Weddell seal. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 185(1):143–152.
Mellish, J.E., S.J. Iverson, W.D. Bowen, and M.O. Hammill. 1999. Fat transfer and energetics during
lactation in the hooded seal: The roles of tissue lipoprotein lipase in milk fat secretion and pup
blubber deposition. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—Biochemical Systemic and Environmental
Physiology 169(6):377–390.
Morrison, P., M. Rosenmann, and J.A. Estes. 1974. Metabolism and thermoregulation in the sea otter.
Physiological Zoology 47:218–229.
Nienaber, J., J. Thomton, M. Horning, L. Polasek, and J. Mellish. 2010. Thermal windows in seals and
sea lions. Journal of Thermal Biology 35:435–440.
Nilssen, K.T., T. Haug, and C. Lindblom. 2001. Diet of weaned pups and seasonal variations in body condition of juvenile Barents Sea harp seals Phoca groenlandica. Marine Mammal Science 17(4):926–936.
Noren, D.P., T.M. Williams, P. Berry, and E. Butler. 1999. Thermoregulation during swimming
and diving in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B—
Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 169(2):93–99.
Noren, S.R., L.E. Pearson, J. Davis, S.J. Trumble, and S.B. Kanatous. 2008. Different thermoregulatory
strategies in nearly weaned pup, yearling, and adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli).
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81(6):868–879.