215
Chapter nine: Thermoregulation
Norris, A.L., D.S. Houser, and D.E. Crocker. 2010. Environment and activity affect skin temperature
in breeding adult male elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology
213(24):4205–4212.
Pabst, D.A., S.A. Rommel, and W.A. McLellan. 1999. The functional morphology of marine mammals. In: Biology of Marine Mammals, ed. J.E. Reynolds and S.A. Rommel, pp. 15–72. Washington
DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Pearson, L.E., H.E.M. Liwanag, M.O. Hammill, and J.M. Burns. 2014. Shifts in thermoregulatory
strategy during ontogeny in harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Journal of Thermal Biology
44:93–102.
Pitcher, K.W. 1986. Variation in blubber thickness of harbor seals in southern Alaska. Journal of
Wildlife Management 50:463–466.
Ponganis, E.P., R.P. van Dam, T. Knower, D.H. Levenson, and K.V. Ponganis. 2004. Deep dives and
aortic temperatures of emperor penguins: New directions for bio-logging at the isolated dive
hole. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue 58:155–161.
Ponganis, P.J., R.P. Van Dam, D.H. Levenson, T. Knower, K.V. Ponganis, and G. Marshall. 2003.
Regional heterothermy and conservation of core temperature in emperor penguins diving
under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
135(3):477–487.
Rommel, S.A., D.A. Pabst, W.A. Mclellan, J.G. Mead, and C.W. Potter. 1992. Anatomical evidence
for a countercurrent heat-exchanger associated with dolphin testes. Anatomical Record
232(1):150–156.
Rosen, D.A.S. and D. Renouf. 1997. Seasonal changes in blubber distribution in Atlantic harbor seals:
Indications of thermodynamic considerations. Marine Mammal Science 13(2):229–240.
Rosen, D.A.S., A.J. Winship, and L.A. Hoopes. 2007. Thermal and digestive constraints to foraging behaviour in marine mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B—Biological
Sciences 362(1487):2151–2168.
Rotherham, L.S., M. van der Merwe, M.N. Bester, and W.H. Oosthuizen. 2005. Morphology and distribution of sweat glands in the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Carnivora: Otariidae).
Australian Journal of Zoology 53(5):295–300.
Scheffer, V.B. 1972. The weight of the Steller sea cow. Journal of Mammalogy 53:912–914.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1997. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Shero, M.R., L.E. Pearson, D.P. Costa, and J.M. Burns. 2014. Improving the precision of our ecosystem
calipers: A modified morphometric technique for estimating marine mammal mass and body
composition. PLoS ONE 9(3).
Shuert, C.R., J.P. Skinner, and J.E. Mellish. 2015. Weighing our measures: Approach-appropriate
modeling of body composition in juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Canadian
Journal of Zoology 93:177–180.
Slip, D.J., H.R. Burton, and N.J. Gales. 1992. Determining blubber mass in the southern elephant
seal, Mirounga-Leonina, by ultrasonic and isotopic techniques. Australian Journal of Zoology
40(2):143–152.
Smith, H.R. and G.A.J. Worthy. 2006. Stratification and intra- and inter-specific differences in
fatty acid composition of common dolphin (Delphinus sp.) blubber: Implications for dietary
analysis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
143(4):486–499.
Stevens, E.D. 1973. The evolution of endothermy. Journal of Theoretical Biology 38:597–611.
Tattersall, G.J. and V. Cadena. 2010. Insights into animal temperature adaptations revealed through
thermal imaging. Imaging Science Journal 58(5):261–268.
Trites, A.W. 1990. Thermal budgets and climate spaces: The impact of weather on the survival
of Galapagos (Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller) and northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus
ursinus L.). Functional Ecology 4:753–768.
Walker, K.A., J.W. Davis, and D.A. Duffield. 2008. Activity budgets and prey consumption of sea
otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Washington. Aquatic Mammals 34(4):393–401.
Williams, T.M. 1990. Heat-transfer in elephants—Thermal partitioning based on skin temperature
profiles. Journal of Zoology 222:235–245.
Chapter nine: Thermoregulation
Norris, A.L., D.S. Houser, and D.E. Crocker. 2010. Environment and activity affect skin temperature
in breeding adult male elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology
213(24):4205–4212.
Pabst, D.A., S.A. Rommel, and W.A. McLellan. 1999. The functional morphology of marine mammals. In: Biology of Marine Mammals, ed. J.E. Reynolds and S.A. Rommel, pp. 15–72. Washington
DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Pearson, L.E., H.E.M. Liwanag, M.O. Hammill, and J.M. Burns. 2014. Shifts in thermoregulatory
strategy during ontogeny in harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Journal of Thermal Biology
44:93–102.
Pitcher, K.W. 1986. Variation in blubber thickness of harbor seals in southern Alaska. Journal of
Wildlife Management 50:463–466.
Ponganis, E.P., R.P. van Dam, T. Knower, D.H. Levenson, and K.V. Ponganis. 2004. Deep dives and
aortic temperatures of emperor penguins: New directions for bio-logging at the isolated dive
hole. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue 58:155–161.
Ponganis, P.J., R.P. Van Dam, D.H. Levenson, T. Knower, K.V. Ponganis, and G. Marshall. 2003.
Regional heterothermy and conservation of core temperature in emperor penguins diving
under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
135(3):477–487.
Rommel, S.A., D.A. Pabst, W.A. Mclellan, J.G. Mead, and C.W. Potter. 1992. Anatomical evidence
for a countercurrent heat-exchanger associated with dolphin testes. Anatomical Record
232(1):150–156.
Rosen, D.A.S. and D. Renouf. 1997. Seasonal changes in blubber distribution in Atlantic harbor seals:
Indications of thermodynamic considerations. Marine Mammal Science 13(2):229–240.
Rosen, D.A.S., A.J. Winship, and L.A. Hoopes. 2007. Thermal and digestive constraints to foraging behaviour in marine mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B—Biological
Sciences 362(1487):2151–2168.
Rotherham, L.S., M. van der Merwe, M.N. Bester, and W.H. Oosthuizen. 2005. Morphology and distribution of sweat glands in the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Carnivora: Otariidae).
Australian Journal of Zoology 53(5):295–300.
Scheffer, V.B. 1972. The weight of the Steller sea cow. Journal of Mammalogy 53:912–914.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1997. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Shero, M.R., L.E. Pearson, D.P. Costa, and J.M. Burns. 2014. Improving the precision of our ecosystem
calipers: A modified morphometric technique for estimating marine mammal mass and body
composition. PLoS ONE 9(3).
Shuert, C.R., J.P. Skinner, and J.E. Mellish. 2015. Weighing our measures: Approach-appropriate
modeling of body composition in juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Canadian
Journal of Zoology 93:177–180.
Slip, D.J., H.R. Burton, and N.J. Gales. 1992. Determining blubber mass in the southern elephant
seal, Mirounga-Leonina, by ultrasonic and isotopic techniques. Australian Journal of Zoology
40(2):143–152.
Smith, H.R. and G.A.J. Worthy. 2006. Stratification and intra- and inter-specific differences in
fatty acid composition of common dolphin (Delphinus sp.) blubber: Implications for dietary
analysis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
143(4):486–499.
Stevens, E.D. 1973. The evolution of endothermy. Journal of Theoretical Biology 38:597–611.
Tattersall, G.J. and V. Cadena. 2010. Insights into animal temperature adaptations revealed through
thermal imaging. Imaging Science Journal 58(5):261–268.
Trites, A.W. 1990. Thermal budgets and climate spaces: The impact of weather on the survival
of Galapagos (Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller) and northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus
ursinus L.). Functional Ecology 4:753–768.
Walker, K.A., J.W. Davis, and D.A. Duffield. 2008. Activity budgets and prey consumption of sea
otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Washington. Aquatic Mammals 34(4):393–401.
Williams, T.M. 1990. Heat-transfer in elephants—Thermal partitioning based on skin temperature
profiles. Journal of Zoology 222:235–245.