212
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Burns, J.J. 1970. Remarks on the distribution and natural history of pagophilic pinnipeds in the
Bering and Chukchi Seas. Journal of Mammalogy 28:445–454.
Castellini, M. 2009. Thermoregulation. In: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. W.F. Perrin,
B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1166–1171.
Castellini, M. 2012. Life under water: Physiological adaptations to diving and living at sea.
Comprehensive Physiology 2:1889–1919.
Castellini, M.A., S.J. Trumble, T.L. Mau, P.K. Yochem, B.S. Stewart, and M.A. Koski. 2009. Body and
blubber relationships in Antarctic pack ice seals: Implications for blubber depth patterns.
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82(2):113–120.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect
of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology
60(11):2761–2767.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1984. Contribution of specific dynamic action to heat balance and
thermoregulation in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Physiological Zoology 57:199–202.
Davis, R.W., M.A. Castellini, G.L. Kooyman, and R.A. Maue. 1983. Renal glomerular filtration rate
and hepatic blood flow during voluntary diving in Weddell seals. American Journal of Physiology
245:R743–R748.
Elam, S.K., I. Tokura, K. Saito, and R.A. Altenkirch. 1989. Thermal conductivity of crude oils.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2(1):1–6.
Else, P.L. and A.J. Hulbert. 1981. Comparison of the “mammal machine” and the “reptile machine”:
Energy production. American Journal of Physiology 240:R3–R9.
Elsner, R. 2015. Diving Seals and Meditating Yogis: Strategic Metabolic Retreats. Chicago, IL: Universtiy
of Chicago Press.
Elsner, R., J.C. George, and T. O’hara. 2004. Vasomotor responses of isolated peripheral blood
vessels from bowhead whales: Thermoregulatory implications. Marine Mammal Science
20(3):546–553.
Fadely, B.S. 1997. Investigations of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) health status and body condition in the
Gulf of Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.
Fertl, D., A.J. Schiro, G.T. Regan et al. 2005. Manatee occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico, west
of Florida. Gulf and Caribbean Research 17:69–94.
Fish, F.E., J. Smelstoys, R.V. Baudinette, and P.S. Reynolds. 2002. Fur doesn’t fly, it floats: Buoyancy of
pelage in semi-aquatic mammals. Aquatic Mammals 28(2):103–112.
Folk, G.E., M.L. Riedesel, and D.L. Thrift. 1998. Principles of Integrative Environmental Physiology.
San Francisco, CA: Austin and Winfield.
Frisch, J., N.A. Øritsland, and J. Krog. 1974. Insulation of furs in water. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology Part A: Physiology 47(2):403–410.
Gales, N.J. and H.R. Burton. 1987. Prolonged and multiple immobilizations of the southern elephant
seal using ketamine hydrochloride-xylazine hydrochloride or ketamine hydrochloridediazepam combinations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(4):614–618.
Gallivan, G.J., R.C. Best, and J.W. Kanwisher. 1983. Temperature regulation in the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. Physiological Zoology 56:255–262.
George, J.C. 2009. Growth, morphology and energetics of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus):
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.
Gmuca, N.V., L.E. Pearson, J.M. Burns, and E.M. Liwanag. 2015. The fat and the furriest: Morphological
changes in harp seal fur with ontogeny. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88(2):158.
Haldiman, J.T. and R.J. Tarpley. 1993. Anatomy and physiology. In The Bowhead Whale, eds. J.J. Burns,
J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles. Lawrence, KS: Allen PR.
Hammel, H.T. 1976. On the origin of endothermy in mammals. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences
12(9):905–915.
Heath, M.E. and R.J. Schusterman. 1975. “Displacement” sand flipping in the northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris). Behavioral Biology 14(3):379–385.
Hill, R.D., R.C. Schneider, G.C. Liggins et al. 1987. Heart rate and body temperature during free diving of Weddell seals. American Journal of Physiology 253:R344–R351.
Hind, A.T. and W.S.C. Gurney. 1998. Are there thermoregulatory constraints on the timing of pupping for harbour seals? Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(12):2245–2254.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Burns, J.J. 1970. Remarks on the distribution and natural history of pagophilic pinnipeds in the
Bering and Chukchi Seas. Journal of Mammalogy 28:445–454.
Castellini, M. 2009. Thermoregulation. In: Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. W.F. Perrin,
B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1166–1171.
Castellini, M. 2012. Life under water: Physiological adaptations to diving and living at sea.
Comprehensive Physiology 2:1889–1919.
Castellini, M.A., S.J. Trumble, T.L. Mau, P.K. Yochem, B.S. Stewart, and M.A. Koski. 2009. Body and
blubber relationships in Antarctic pack ice seals: Implications for blubber depth patterns.
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82(2):113–120.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect
of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology
60(11):2761–2767.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1984. Contribution of specific dynamic action to heat balance and
thermoregulation in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Physiological Zoology 57:199–202.
Davis, R.W., M.A. Castellini, G.L. Kooyman, and R.A. Maue. 1983. Renal glomerular filtration rate
and hepatic blood flow during voluntary diving in Weddell seals. American Journal of Physiology
245:R743–R748.
Elam, S.K., I. Tokura, K. Saito, and R.A. Altenkirch. 1989. Thermal conductivity of crude oils.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2(1):1–6.
Else, P.L. and A.J. Hulbert. 1981. Comparison of the “mammal machine” and the “reptile machine”:
Energy production. American Journal of Physiology 240:R3–R9.
Elsner, R. 2015. Diving Seals and Meditating Yogis: Strategic Metabolic Retreats. Chicago, IL: Universtiy
of Chicago Press.
Elsner, R., J.C. George, and T. O’hara. 2004. Vasomotor responses of isolated peripheral blood
vessels from bowhead whales: Thermoregulatory implications. Marine Mammal Science
20(3):546–553.
Fadely, B.S. 1997. Investigations of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) health status and body condition in the
Gulf of Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.
Fertl, D., A.J. Schiro, G.T. Regan et al. 2005. Manatee occurrence in the northern Gulf of Mexico, west
of Florida. Gulf and Caribbean Research 17:69–94.
Fish, F.E., J. Smelstoys, R.V. Baudinette, and P.S. Reynolds. 2002. Fur doesn’t fly, it floats: Buoyancy of
pelage in semi-aquatic mammals. Aquatic Mammals 28(2):103–112.
Folk, G.E., M.L. Riedesel, and D.L. Thrift. 1998. Principles of Integrative Environmental Physiology.
San Francisco, CA: Austin and Winfield.
Frisch, J., N.A. Øritsland, and J. Krog. 1974. Insulation of furs in water. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology Part A: Physiology 47(2):403–410.
Gales, N.J. and H.R. Burton. 1987. Prolonged and multiple immobilizations of the southern elephant
seal using ketamine hydrochloride-xylazine hydrochloride or ketamine hydrochloridediazepam combinations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(4):614–618.
Gallivan, G.J., R.C. Best, and J.W. Kanwisher. 1983. Temperature regulation in the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. Physiological Zoology 56:255–262.
George, J.C. 2009. Growth, morphology and energetics of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus):
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.
Gmuca, N.V., L.E. Pearson, J.M. Burns, and E.M. Liwanag. 2015. The fat and the furriest: Morphological
changes in harp seal fur with ontogeny. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88(2):158.
Haldiman, J.T. and R.J. Tarpley. 1993. Anatomy and physiology. In The Bowhead Whale, eds. J.J. Burns,
J.J. Montague, and C.J. Cowles. Lawrence, KS: Allen PR.
Hammel, H.T. 1976. On the origin of endothermy in mammals. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences
12(9):905–915.
Heath, M.E. and R.J. Schusterman. 1975. “Displacement” sand flipping in the northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris). Behavioral Biology 14(3):379–385.
Hill, R.D., R.C. Schneider, G.C. Liggins et al. 1987. Heart rate and body temperature during free diving of Weddell seals. American Journal of Physiology 253:R344–R351.
Hind, A.T. and W.S.C. Gurney. 1998. Are there thermoregulatory constraints on the timing of pupping for harbour seals? Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(12):2245–2254.