166
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Pfeiffer, C.J. 1997. Renal cellular and tissue specializations in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Aquatic Mammals 23(2): 75–84.
Pilson, M.E. 1970. Water balance in California sea lions. Physiological Zoology 43(4): 257–269.
Reich, K.J. and G.A. Worthy. 2006. An isotopic assessment of the feeding habits of free-ranging
manatees. Marine Ecology Progress Series 322: 303–309.
Reidenberg, J.S. 2007. Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals. The Anatomical Record
290(6): 507–513.
Reilly, J.J. 1991. Adaptations to prolonged fasting in free-living weaned gray seal pups. American
Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260(2): R267–R272.
Renouf, D., E. Noseworthy, and M.C. Scott. 1990. Daily fresh water consumption by captive harp
seals (Phoca groenlandica). Marine Mammal Science 6(3): 253–257.
Ridgway, S. and S. Venn-Watson. 2010. Effects of fresh and seawater ingestion on osmoregulation in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B
180(4): 563–576.
Ridgway, S.H. 1972. Homeostasis in the Aquatic Environment. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine.
Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, pp. 590–747.
Ridgway, S.H., J.G. Simpson, G.S. Patton, and W.G. Gilmartin. 1970. Hematologic findings in certain
small cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157 (5): 566–575.
Robertson, G.L., R.L. Shelton, and S. Athar. 1976. The osmoregulation of vasopressin. Kidney
International 10(1): 25–37.
Rosen, D.A., G.D. Hastie, and A.W. Trites. 2004. Searching for stress: Hematologic indicators of
nutritional inadequacies in steller sea lions. Proceedings of the Fifth Comparative Nutrition Society
Symposium, pp. 145–149.
Schmidt-Nielsen, B., H.V. Murdaugh, R. O’Dell, and J. Bacsanyi. 1959. Urea excretion and diving in
the seal (Phoca vitulina L.). Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 53(3): 393–411.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1990. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 4th edn. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Schoeller, D.A. and J.M. Hnilicka. 1996. Reliability of the doubly labeled water method for the measurement of total daily energy expenditure in free-living subjects. Journal of Nutrition 126(1):
348S–354S.
Schoeller, D.A., E. Ravussin, Y. Schutz, K.J. Acheson, P. Baertschi, and E. Jequier. 1986. Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: Validation in humans and proposed calculation. American
Journal of Physiology 250(2): R823–R830.
Schoen, A. 1972. Studies on the environmental physiology of a semi-desert antelope, the dik-dik.
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 37 (4): 325–330.
Schweigert, F.J. 1993. Effects of fasting and lactation on blood chemistry and urine composition in
the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
105(2): 353–357.
Shirreffs, S.M. 2000. Markers of hydration status. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 40(1):
80–84.
Skalstad, I. and E.S. Nordøy. 2000. Experimental evidence of seawater drinking in juvenile hooded
(Cystophora cristata) and harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Journal of Comparative Physiology B
170(5–6): 395–401.
Skog, E.B. and L.P. Folkow. 1994. Nasal heat and water exchange is not an effector mechanism for
water balance regulation in grey seals. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 151(2): 233–240.
Smith, H.W. 1936. The composition of urine in the seal. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
7(3): 465–474.
Speakman, J. 1997. Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice. New York, Springer.
Speakman, J.R., K.S. Nair, and M.I. Goran. 1993. Revised equations for calculating CO 2 production from doubly labeled water in humans. American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and
Metabolism 264(6): E912–E912.
Sperber, I. 1944. Studies on the mammalian kidney. Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala 22: 249–432.
Šrámek, P., M. Šimečková, L. Janský, J. Šavlíková, and S. Vybiral. 2000. Human physiological
responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. European Journal of Applied
Physiology 81(5): 436–442.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Pfeiffer, C.J. 1997. Renal cellular and tissue specializations in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Aquatic Mammals 23(2): 75–84.
Pilson, M.E. 1970. Water balance in California sea lions. Physiological Zoology 43(4): 257–269.
Reich, K.J. and G.A. Worthy. 2006. An isotopic assessment of the feeding habits of free-ranging
manatees. Marine Ecology Progress Series 322: 303–309.
Reidenberg, J.S. 2007. Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals. The Anatomical Record
290(6): 507–513.
Reilly, J.J. 1991. Adaptations to prolonged fasting in free-living weaned gray seal pups. American
Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260(2): R267–R272.
Renouf, D., E. Noseworthy, and M.C. Scott. 1990. Daily fresh water consumption by captive harp
seals (Phoca groenlandica). Marine Mammal Science 6(3): 253–257.
Ridgway, S. and S. Venn-Watson. 2010. Effects of fresh and seawater ingestion on osmoregulation in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B
180(4): 563–576.
Ridgway, S.H. 1972. Homeostasis in the Aquatic Environment. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine.
Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, pp. 590–747.
Ridgway, S.H., J.G. Simpson, G.S. Patton, and W.G. Gilmartin. 1970. Hematologic findings in certain
small cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157 (5): 566–575.
Robertson, G.L., R.L. Shelton, and S. Athar. 1976. The osmoregulation of vasopressin. Kidney
International 10(1): 25–37.
Rosen, D.A., G.D. Hastie, and A.W. Trites. 2004. Searching for stress: Hematologic indicators of
nutritional inadequacies in steller sea lions. Proceedings of the Fifth Comparative Nutrition Society
Symposium, pp. 145–149.
Schmidt-Nielsen, B., H.V. Murdaugh, R. O’Dell, and J. Bacsanyi. 1959. Urea excretion and diving in
the seal (Phoca vitulina L.). Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 53(3): 393–411.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1990. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 4th edn. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Schoeller, D.A. and J.M. Hnilicka. 1996. Reliability of the doubly labeled water method for the measurement of total daily energy expenditure in free-living subjects. Journal of Nutrition 126(1):
348S–354S.
Schoeller, D.A., E. Ravussin, Y. Schutz, K.J. Acheson, P. Baertschi, and E. Jequier. 1986. Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: Validation in humans and proposed calculation. American
Journal of Physiology 250(2): R823–R830.
Schoen, A. 1972. Studies on the environmental physiology of a semi-desert antelope, the dik-dik.
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 37 (4): 325–330.
Schweigert, F.J. 1993. Effects of fasting and lactation on blood chemistry and urine composition in
the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
105(2): 353–357.
Shirreffs, S.M. 2000. Markers of hydration status. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 40(1):
80–84.
Skalstad, I. and E.S. Nordøy. 2000. Experimental evidence of seawater drinking in juvenile hooded
(Cystophora cristata) and harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Journal of Comparative Physiology B
170(5–6): 395–401.
Skog, E.B. and L.P. Folkow. 1994. Nasal heat and water exchange is not an effector mechanism for
water balance regulation in grey seals. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 151(2): 233–240.
Smith, H.W. 1936. The composition of urine in the seal. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
7(3): 465–474.
Speakman, J. 1997. Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice. New York, Springer.
Speakman, J.R., K.S. Nair, and M.I. Goran. 1993. Revised equations for calculating CO 2 production from doubly labeled water in humans. American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and
Metabolism 264(6): E912–E912.
Sperber, I. 1944. Studies on the mammalian kidney. Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala 22: 249–432.
Šrámek, P., M. Šimečková, L. Janský, J. Šavlíková, and S. Vybiral. 2000. Human physiological
responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. European Journal of Applied
Physiology 81(5): 436–442.