Alternative Green Biofuel from Microalgae: A Promising Renewable Resource 271
Sanchez, J.L.G., M. Berenguel, F. Rodriguez, J.M.F. Sevilla, C.B. Alias and F.G.A. Fernandez. 2003. Minimization of carbon
losses in pilot-scale outdoor photobioreactors by model-based predictive control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84: 533–543.
Santos, R., T. Lu, M.B. King and J.A. Empis. 1997. Extraction of valuable components from micro-alga Spirulina platensis.
pp. 217–224. In: Proc. 4th Int. Conference on Supercritical Fluids and their Applications, Capri, Italy.
Schenk, P.M., S.R.T. Hall, E. Stephens, U.C. Marx, J.H. Mussgnug, C. Posten, O. Kruse and B. Hankamer. 2008. Second
generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. BioEnergy Res. 1: 20–43.
Schmid, S.U. 2009. Algae biorefinery-concept. National German Workshop on Biorefineries, 15 September, Worms, Germany.
Schuchardt, U., R. Sercheli and R.M. Vargas. 1998. Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J. Brazil Chem. Soc.
9: 199–210.
Schüler, L.M., P.S.C. Schulze, H. Pereira, L. Barreira, R. León and J. Varela. 2017. Trends and strategies to enhance
triacylglycerols and high-value compounds in microalgae. Algal Res. 25: 263–273.
Schulze, P.S.C., L.A. Barreira, H.G.C. Pereira, J.A. Perales and J.C.S. Varela. 2014. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) applied to
microalgal production. Trends Biotechnol. 32: 422–430.
Schulze, P.S.C., F.M.C. Carolina, H. Pereira, K.N. Gangadhar, L.M. Schüler, T.F. Santos, J.C.S. Varela and L. Barreira. 2017a.
Urban wastewater treatment by Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (Chlorophyta). Bioresour. Technol. 223: 175–183.
Schulze, P.S.C., R. Guerra, H. Pereira, L.M. Schüler and J.C.S. Varela. 2017b. Flashing LEDs for microalgal production.
Trends Biotechnol. 35: 1088–1101.
Schwab, A.W., M.O. Baghy and B. Freedman. 1987. Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66:
1372–1378.
Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R.A. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, D. Hayes and T.H. Yu. 2008. Use of
U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319: 1238–1240.
Semerjian, L. and G.M. Ayoub. 2003. High-pH-magnesium coagulation-flocculation in wastewater treatment. Adv. Environ.
Res. 7: 389–403.
Shah, S., A. Sharma and M.N. Gupta. 2004. Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by enzyme assisted three
phase partitioning. Ind. Crops Prod. 20: 275–279.
Shakeel, A.K., Rashmi, M.Z. Hussain, S. Prasad and U.C. Banerjee. 2009. Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae
in India. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 13: 2361–2372.
Sharma, K.K., H. Schuhmann and P.M. Schenk. 2012. High lipid induction in microalgae for biodiesel production. Energy
5: 1532–1553.
Sharma, Y.C., B. Singh and S.N. Upadhyay. 2008. Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel, a review.
Fuel 87: 2355–2373.
Shen, Y., Z. Pei, W. Yuan and E. Mao. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield. Int. J. Agric. Biol.
Eng. 2: 51–57.
Shimada, Y., Y. Watanabe, A. Sugihara and Y. Tominaga. 2002. Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and
application of the reaction to oil processing. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 17: 133–142.
Shu, Q., B.L. Yang, H. Yuan, S. Qing and G.L. Zhu. 2007. Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol catalyzed
by zeolite β-modified with La
3+
. Catal. Commun. 8: 2159–2165.
Shu, Q., Z. Nawaz, J. Gao, Y. Liao, Q. Zhang, D. Wang and J. Wang. 2010. Synthesis of biodiesel from a model waste oil
feedstock using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst: reaction and separation. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 5374–5384.
Shuping, Z., W. Yulong, Y. Mingde, L. Chun and T. Junmao. 2010. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae
Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 359–365.
Singh, A., P.S. Nigam and J.D. Murphy. 2011. Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation of algal biofuels. Bioresour.
Technol. 102: 26–34.
Singh, S., B.N. Kate and U.C. Banerjee. 2005. Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview. Crit.
Rev. Biotechnol. 25: 73–95.
Soto, C., R. Chamy and M.E. Zuniga. 2007. Enzymatic hydrolysis and pressing conditions effect on borage oil extraction by
cold pressing. Food Chem. 102: 834–840.
Speidel, H.K., R.L. Lightner and I. Ahmed. 2000. Biodegradability of new engineered fuels compared to conventional petroleum
fuels and alternative fuels in current use. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84: 879–897.
Spolaore, P., C.J. Cassan, E. Duran and A. Isambert. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101: 87–96.
Srilatha, K., R. Sree, B.L.A.P. Devi, P.S.S. Prasad, R.B.N. Prasad and N. Lingaiah. 2012. Preparation of biodiesel from rice bran
fatty acids catalyzed by heterogeneous cesium-exchanged 12-tungstophosphoric acids. Bioresour. Technol. 116: 53–57.
Stepan, D.J., R.E. Shockey, T.A. Moe and R. Dorn. 2002. Carbon dioxide sequestering using microalgae systems. U.S.
Department of Energy. Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Stephenson, A.L., E. Kazamia, J.S. Dennis, C.J. Howe, S.A. Scott and A.G. Smith. 2010. Life-cycle assessment of potential
algal biodiesel production in the United Kingdom: a comparison of raceways and air-lift tubular bioreactors. Energy
Fuels 24: 4062–4077.
Suh, I.S. and C.G. Lee. 2003. Photobioreactor engineering: design and performance. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 8: 313–321.
Sukenik, A., W. Schroder, J. Lauer, G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder. 1985. Co-precipitation of microlagal biomass with calcium
and phosphate ions. Water Res. 19: 127–129.
Sun, Y. and J. Cheng. 2002. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour. Technol.
83: 1–11.
Sanchez, J.L.G., M. Berenguel, F. Rodriguez, J.M.F. Sevilla, C.B. Alias and F.G.A. Fernandez. 2003. Minimization of carbon
losses in pilot-scale outdoor photobioreactors by model-based predictive control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84: 533–543.
Santos, R., T. Lu, M.B. King and J.A. Empis. 1997. Extraction of valuable components from micro-alga Spirulina platensis.
pp. 217–224. In: Proc. 4th Int. Conference on Supercritical Fluids and their Applications, Capri, Italy.
Schenk, P.M., S.R.T. Hall, E. Stephens, U.C. Marx, J.H. Mussgnug, C. Posten, O. Kruse and B. Hankamer. 2008. Second
generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. BioEnergy Res. 1: 20–43.
Schmid, S.U. 2009. Algae biorefinery-concept. National German Workshop on Biorefineries, 15 September, Worms, Germany.
Schuchardt, U., R. Sercheli and R.M. Vargas. 1998. Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J. Brazil Chem. Soc.
9: 199–210.
Schüler, L.M., P.S.C. Schulze, H. Pereira, L. Barreira, R. León and J. Varela. 2017. Trends and strategies to enhance
triacylglycerols and high-value compounds in microalgae. Algal Res. 25: 263–273.
Schulze, P.S.C., L.A. Barreira, H.G.C. Pereira, J.A. Perales and J.C.S. Varela. 2014. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) applied to
microalgal production. Trends Biotechnol. 32: 422–430.
Schulze, P.S.C., F.M.C. Carolina, H. Pereira, K.N. Gangadhar, L.M. Schüler, T.F. Santos, J.C.S. Varela and L. Barreira. 2017a.
Urban wastewater treatment by Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (Chlorophyta). Bioresour. Technol. 223: 175–183.
Schulze, P.S.C., R. Guerra, H. Pereira, L.M. Schüler and J.C.S. Varela. 2017b. Flashing LEDs for microalgal production.
Trends Biotechnol. 35: 1088–1101.
Schwab, A.W., M.O. Baghy and B. Freedman. 1987. Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66:
1372–1378.
Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R.A. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, D. Hayes and T.H. Yu. 2008. Use of
U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science 319: 1238–1240.
Semerjian, L. and G.M. Ayoub. 2003. High-pH-magnesium coagulation-flocculation in wastewater treatment. Adv. Environ.
Res. 7: 389–403.
Shah, S., A. Sharma and M.N. Gupta. 2004. Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by enzyme assisted three
phase partitioning. Ind. Crops Prod. 20: 275–279.
Shakeel, A.K., Rashmi, M.Z. Hussain, S. Prasad and U.C. Banerjee. 2009. Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae
in India. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 13: 2361–2372.
Sharma, K.K., H. Schuhmann and P.M. Schenk. 2012. High lipid induction in microalgae for biodiesel production. Energy
5: 1532–1553.
Sharma, Y.C., B. Singh and S.N. Upadhyay. 2008. Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel, a review.
Fuel 87: 2355–2373.
Shen, Y., Z. Pei, W. Yuan and E. Mao. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and extraction method on algae lipid yield. Int. J. Agric. Biol.
Eng. 2: 51–57.
Shimada, Y., Y. Watanabe, A. Sugihara and Y. Tominaga. 2002. Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and
application of the reaction to oil processing. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 17: 133–142.
Shu, Q., B.L. Yang, H. Yuan, S. Qing and G.L. Zhu. 2007. Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol catalyzed
by zeolite β-modified with La
3+
. Catal. Commun. 8: 2159–2165.
Shu, Q., Z. Nawaz, J. Gao, Y. Liao, Q. Zhang, D. Wang and J. Wang. 2010. Synthesis of biodiesel from a model waste oil
feedstock using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst: reaction and separation. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 5374–5384.
Shuping, Z., W. Yulong, Y. Mingde, L. Chun and T. Junmao. 2010. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae
Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 359–365.
Singh, A., P.S. Nigam and J.D. Murphy. 2011. Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation of algal biofuels. Bioresour.
Technol. 102: 26–34.
Singh, S., B.N. Kate and U.C. Banerjee. 2005. Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview. Crit.
Rev. Biotechnol. 25: 73–95.
Soto, C., R. Chamy and M.E. Zuniga. 2007. Enzymatic hydrolysis and pressing conditions effect on borage oil extraction by
cold pressing. Food Chem. 102: 834–840.
Speidel, H.K., R.L. Lightner and I. Ahmed. 2000. Biodegradability of new engineered fuels compared to conventional petroleum
fuels and alternative fuels in current use. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84: 879–897.
Spolaore, P., C.J. Cassan, E. Duran and A. Isambert. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101: 87–96.
Srilatha, K., R. Sree, B.L.A.P. Devi, P.S.S. Prasad, R.B.N. Prasad and N. Lingaiah. 2012. Preparation of biodiesel from rice bran
fatty acids catalyzed by heterogeneous cesium-exchanged 12-tungstophosphoric acids. Bioresour. Technol. 116: 53–57.
Stepan, D.J., R.E. Shockey, T.A. Moe and R. Dorn. 2002. Carbon dioxide sequestering using microalgae systems. U.S.
Department of Energy. Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Stephenson, A.L., E. Kazamia, J.S. Dennis, C.J. Howe, S.A. Scott and A.G. Smith. 2010. Life-cycle assessment of potential
algal biodiesel production in the United Kingdom: a comparison of raceways and air-lift tubular bioreactors. Energy
Fuels 24: 4062–4077.
Suh, I.S. and C.G. Lee. 2003. Photobioreactor engineering: design and performance. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 8: 313–321.
Sukenik, A., W. Schroder, J. Lauer, G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder. 1985. Co-precipitation of microlagal biomass with calcium
and phosphate ions. Water Res. 19: 127–129.
Sun, Y. and J. Cheng. 2002. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour. Technol.
83: 1–11.