272 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Sushchik, N.N., G.S. Kalacheva, N.O. Zhila, M.I. Gladyshev and T.G. Volova. 2003. A temperature dependence of the
intra- and extracellular fatty-acid composition of green algae and cyanobacterium. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 50: 374–380.
Sydney, E.B., W. Sturm, J.C. de Carvalho, V.T. Soccol, C. Larroche, A. Pandey and C.R. Soccol. 2010. Potential carbon
dioxide fixation by industrially important microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 5892–5896.
Talukder, M.M.R., J.C. Wu, S.K. Lau, L.C. Cui, G. Shimin and A. Lim. 2009. Comparison of Novozyme 435 and Amberlyst
15 as heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Fuels 23: 1–4.
Thajuddin, N. and G. Subramanian. 2005. Cyanobacterial biodiversity and potential applications in biotechnology. Curr. Sci.
89: 47–57.
Toda, M., A. Takagaki, M. Okamura, J.N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen and M. Hara. 2005. Biodiesel made with sugar
catalyst. Nature 438: 178.
Torzillo, G., B. Pushparaj, J. Masojidek and A. Vonshak. 2003. Biological constraints in algal biotechnology. Biotechnol.
Bioprocess Eng. 8: 338–348.
Tredici, M.R., P. Carlozzi, G.C. Zittelli and R. Materassi. 1991. A vertical alveolar panel (VAP) for outdoor mass cultivation
of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 38: 153–159.
Ueda, R., S. Hirayama, K. Sugata and H. Nakayama. 1996. Process for the production of ethanol from microalgae. U.S.
Patent 5,578,472.
Ugwu, C.U., H. Aoyagi and H. Uchiyama. 2008. Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae. Bioresour. Technol.
99: 4021–4028.
van de Vyver, S., L. Peng, J. Geboers, H. Schepers, F. de Clippel, C.J. Gommes, B. Goderis, P.A. Jacobs and B.F. Sels.
2010. Sulfonated silica/carbon nanocomposites as novel catalysts for hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. Green Chem.
12: 1560–1563.
Varfolomeev, S.D., E.N. Efremenko and L.P. Krylova. 2010. Biofuels. Russ. Chem. Rev. 79: 544–564.
Varfolomeev, S.D. and L.A. Wasserman. 2011. Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines. Appl. Biochem.
Microbiol. 47: 789–807.
Vasudevan, P. and M. Briggs. 2008. Biodiesel production-current state of the art and challenges. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
35: 421–430.
Vergara, F.A., G. Vargas, N. Alarcon and A. Velasco. 2008. Evaluation of marine algae as a source of biogas in a two-stage
anaerobic reactor system. Biomass Bioenergy 32: 338–344.
Vieira, C.J.A., L.M. Colla and F.P.F. Duarte. 2004. Improving Spirulina platensis biomass yield using a fed-batch process.
Bioresour. Technol. 92: 237–241.
Virginie, M., L. Ulmann, V. Pasquet, M. Mathieu, L. Picot, G. Bougaran, J.P. Cadoret, A.M. Manceau and B. Schoefs.
2012. The potential of microalgae for the production of bioactive molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Curr. Pharm.
Biotechnol. 13: 2733–2750.
Von, G.U. 2003. Ozonation of drinking water: part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res. 37: 1443–1467.
Vonshak, A. and L. Tomaselli. 2003. Arthrospira (Spirulina): systematics and ecophysiology biochemistry. pp. 505–522. In: A.
Vonshak (ed.). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. London: Taylor & Francis.
Wang, B. and C.Q. Lan. 2011. Optimising the lipid production of the green alga Neochloris oleoabundans using Box-Behnken
experimental design. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 89: 932–939.
Wang, B., Y. Li, N. Wu and C. Lan. 2008. CO 2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 79: 707–718.
Wang, L., M. Min, Y. Li, P. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Wang and R. Ruan. 2010. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in
different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162: 1174–1186.
Waterbury, J.B. 2006. The cyanobacteria: isolation, purification, and identification. In: M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg,
K.-H. Schleifer and E. Stackebrandt (eds.). The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Springer, New
York 3: 1053–1073.
Wei, F., G.Z. Gao, X.F. Wang and X.Y. Dong. 2008. Quantitative determination of oil content in small quantity of oilseed rape
by ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography. Ultrason. Sonochem. 15: 938–942.
Wijffels, R.H. and M.J. Barbosa. 2010. An outlook on microalgal biofuels. Science 329: 796–799.
Williams, P.J.B. and L.M.L. Laurens. 2010. Microalgae as biodiesel and biomass feedstocks: review and analysis of the
biochemistry, energetic and economics. Energ. Environ. Sci. 3: 554–590.
Wimmer, T. 1995. Process for the production of fatty acid esters of lower alcohols. US Patent US5,399,731.
Wiyarno, B., R.M. Yunus and M. Mel. 2011. Extraction of algae oil from Nannocloropsis sp.: a study of soxhlet and ultrasonicassisted extractions. J. Appl. Sci. 11: 3607–3612.
Wu, Q., B. Zhang and N.G. Grant. 1996. High yield of hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis of yellow heterotrophic
and bacterially degraded Chlorella protothecoides. J. Appl. Phycol. 8: 181–184.
Wu, Q., J. Dai, Y. Shiraiwa, G. Sheng and J. Fu. 1999. A renewable energy source - hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis
of the marine nanoplanktonic alga Emiliania huxleyi. J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 137–142.
Wu, Y.H., Y. Yu and H.Y. Hu. 2015. Microalgal growth with intracellular phosphorus for achieving high biomass growth rate
and high lipid/triacylglycerol content simultaneously. Bioresour. Technol. 192: 374–381.
Xiaoling, M., Q. Wu and C. Yang. 2004. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
71: 855–863.
Xu, X., Y. Gao, G. Liu, Q. Wang and J. Zhao. 2008. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn
(Hippophaethamnoides L.) oil using response surface methodology. Food Sci. Technol. 41: 1223–1231.
Sushchik, N.N., G.S. Kalacheva, N.O. Zhila, M.I. Gladyshev and T.G. Volova. 2003. A temperature dependence of the
intra- and extracellular fatty-acid composition of green algae and cyanobacterium. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 50: 374–380.
Sydney, E.B., W. Sturm, J.C. de Carvalho, V.T. Soccol, C. Larroche, A. Pandey and C.R. Soccol. 2010. Potential carbon
dioxide fixation by industrially important microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 5892–5896.
Talukder, M.M.R., J.C. Wu, S.K. Lau, L.C. Cui, G. Shimin and A. Lim. 2009. Comparison of Novozyme 435 and Amberlyst
15 as heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate. Energy Fuels 23: 1–4.
Thajuddin, N. and G. Subramanian. 2005. Cyanobacterial biodiversity and potential applications in biotechnology. Curr. Sci.
89: 47–57.
Toda, M., A. Takagaki, M. Okamura, J.N. Kondo, S. Hayashi, K. Domen and M. Hara. 2005. Biodiesel made with sugar
catalyst. Nature 438: 178.
Torzillo, G., B. Pushparaj, J. Masojidek and A. Vonshak. 2003. Biological constraints in algal biotechnology. Biotechnol.
Bioprocess Eng. 8: 338–348.
Tredici, M.R., P. Carlozzi, G.C. Zittelli and R. Materassi. 1991. A vertical alveolar panel (VAP) for outdoor mass cultivation
of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 38: 153–159.
Ueda, R., S. Hirayama, K. Sugata and H. Nakayama. 1996. Process for the production of ethanol from microalgae. U.S.
Patent 5,578,472.
Ugwu, C.U., H. Aoyagi and H. Uchiyama. 2008. Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae. Bioresour. Technol.
99: 4021–4028.
van de Vyver, S., L. Peng, J. Geboers, H. Schepers, F. de Clippel, C.J. Gommes, B. Goderis, P.A. Jacobs and B.F. Sels.
2010. Sulfonated silica/carbon nanocomposites as novel catalysts for hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. Green Chem.
12: 1560–1563.
Varfolomeev, S.D., E.N. Efremenko and L.P. Krylova. 2010. Biofuels. Russ. Chem. Rev. 79: 544–564.
Varfolomeev, S.D. and L.A. Wasserman. 2011. Microalgae as source of biofuel, food, fodder, and medicines. Appl. Biochem.
Microbiol. 47: 789–807.
Vasudevan, P. and M. Briggs. 2008. Biodiesel production-current state of the art and challenges. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
35: 421–430.
Vergara, F.A., G. Vargas, N. Alarcon and A. Velasco. 2008. Evaluation of marine algae as a source of biogas in a two-stage
anaerobic reactor system. Biomass Bioenergy 32: 338–344.
Vieira, C.J.A., L.M. Colla and F.P.F. Duarte. 2004. Improving Spirulina platensis biomass yield using a fed-batch process.
Bioresour. Technol. 92: 237–241.
Virginie, M., L. Ulmann, V. Pasquet, M. Mathieu, L. Picot, G. Bougaran, J.P. Cadoret, A.M. Manceau and B. Schoefs.
2012. The potential of microalgae for the production of bioactive molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Curr. Pharm.
Biotechnol. 13: 2733–2750.
Von, G.U. 2003. Ozonation of drinking water: part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res. 37: 1443–1467.
Vonshak, A. and L. Tomaselli. 2003. Arthrospira (Spirulina): systematics and ecophysiology biochemistry. pp. 505–522. In: A.
Vonshak (ed.). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. London: Taylor & Francis.
Wang, B. and C.Q. Lan. 2011. Optimising the lipid production of the green alga Neochloris oleoabundans using Box-Behnken
experimental design. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 89: 932–939.
Wang, B., Y. Li, N. Wu and C. Lan. 2008. CO 2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 79: 707–718.
Wang, L., M. Min, Y. Li, P. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Wang and R. Ruan. 2010. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in
different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162: 1174–1186.
Waterbury, J.B. 2006. The cyanobacteria: isolation, purification, and identification. In: M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg,
K.-H. Schleifer and E. Stackebrandt (eds.). The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Springer, New
York 3: 1053–1073.
Wei, F., G.Z. Gao, X.F. Wang and X.Y. Dong. 2008. Quantitative determination of oil content in small quantity of oilseed rape
by ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography. Ultrason. Sonochem. 15: 938–942.
Wijffels, R.H. and M.J. Barbosa. 2010. An outlook on microalgal biofuels. Science 329: 796–799.
Williams, P.J.B. and L.M.L. Laurens. 2010. Microalgae as biodiesel and biomass feedstocks: review and analysis of the
biochemistry, energetic and economics. Energ. Environ. Sci. 3: 554–590.
Wimmer, T. 1995. Process for the production of fatty acid esters of lower alcohols. US Patent US5,399,731.
Wiyarno, B., R.M. Yunus and M. Mel. 2011. Extraction of algae oil from Nannocloropsis sp.: a study of soxhlet and ultrasonicassisted extractions. J. Appl. Sci. 11: 3607–3612.
Wu, Q., B. Zhang and N.G. Grant. 1996. High yield of hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis of yellow heterotrophic
and bacterially degraded Chlorella protothecoides. J. Appl. Phycol. 8: 181–184.
Wu, Q., J. Dai, Y. Shiraiwa, G. Sheng and J. Fu. 1999. A renewable energy source - hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis
of the marine nanoplanktonic alga Emiliania huxleyi. J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 137–142.
Wu, Y.H., Y. Yu and H.Y. Hu. 2015. Microalgal growth with intracellular phosphorus for achieving high biomass growth rate
and high lipid/triacylglycerol content simultaneously. Bioresour. Technol. 192: 374–381.
Xiaoling, M., Q. Wu and C. Yang. 2004. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
71: 855–863.
Xu, X., Y. Gao, G. Liu, Q. Wang and J. Zhao. 2008. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn
(Hippophaethamnoides L.) oil using response surface methodology. Food Sci. Technol. 41: 1223–1231.