Alternative Green Biofuel from Microalgae: A Promising Renewable Resource 269
Mendes, R.L., A.D. Reis and A.F. Palavra. 2006. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of γ-linolenic acid and other lipids from
Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: comparison with organic solvent extraction. Food Chem. 99: 57–63.
Mendiola, J.A., L. Jaime, S. Santoyo, G. Reglero, A. Cifuentes, E. Ibanez and F.J. Senoeans. 2007. Screening of functional
compounds in supercritical fluid extracts from Spirulina platensis. Food Chem. 102: 1357–1367.
Mercer, P. and R.E. Armenta. 2011. Developments in oil extraction from microalgae. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 113: 539–547.
Metting, F.B. 1996. Biodiversity and application of microalgae. J. Ind. Microbiol. 17: 477–489.
Miao, X. and Q. Wu. 2004. High yield bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis by metabolic controlling of Chlorella
protothecoides. J. Biotechnol. 110: 85–93.
Miao, X., Q. Wu and C. Yang. 2004. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
71: 855–863.
Miao, X. and Q. Wu. 2006. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 841–846.
Miyairi, S. 1995. CO 2 assimilation in a thermophilic cyanobacterium. Energy Convers. Manag. 36: 763–766.
Mohn, F.H. 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass in mass culture of microalgae. pp. 547–571. In:
G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder (eds.). Algal Biomass. Elsevier Amsterdam.
Molina, G.E., E.H. Belarbi, F.F.G. Acien, M.A. Robles and Y. Chisti. 2003. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites:
process options and economics. Biotechnol. Adv. 20: 491–515.
Moreno, G.I. 2008. Microalgae immobilization: current techniques and uses. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 3949–3964.
Mudge, S.M. and G. Pereira. 1999. Stimulating the biodegradation of crude oil with biodiesel preliminary results. Spill Science
and Technology Bulletin 5: 353–355.
Mulbry, W., S. Kondrad, C. Pizarro and K.E. Westhead. 2008. Treatment of dairy manure effluent using freshwater algae: algal
productivity and recovery of manure nutrients using pilot-scale algal turf scrubbers. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 8137–8142.
Muller, F.A., G.R. Le, A. Herve and P. Durand. 1998. Comparison of artificial light photobioreactors and other production
systems using Porphyridium cruentum. J. Appl. Phycol. 10: 83–90.
Munoz, R. and B. Guieysse. 2006. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review. Water
Res. 40: 2799–2815.
Murata, N. 1989. Low-temperature effects on cyanobacterial membranes. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 21: 61–75.
Murayama, T. 1994. Evaluating vegetable oils as a diesel fuel. Inform. 5: 1138–1145.
Mussgnug, J.H., V. Klassen, A. Schluter and O. Kruse. 2010. Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in
a combined biorefinery concept. J. Biotechnol. 150: 51–56.
Mutanda, T., D. Ramesh, S. Karthikeyan, S. Kumari, A. Anandraj and F. Bux. 2011. Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing
microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 57–70.
Nakamura, D.N. 2006. Journally speaking: the mass appeal of biomass. Oil Gas J. 104: 15.
Nakanishi, K. 2001. Chlorophyll rich and salt resistant Chlorella. European Patent 1,142,985.
Narasimharao, K., A. Lee and K. Wilson. 2007. Catalysis in production of biodiesel: a review. J. Biobased. Mater. Bio. 1: 19–30.
Nelson, L.A., T.A. Foglia and W.N. Marmer. 1996. Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
73: 1191–1195.
Ngaosuwan, K., E. Lotero, K. Suwannakarn, J.G. Goodwin and P. Praserthdam. 2009. Hydrolysis of triglycerides using solid
acid catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48: 4757–4767.
Nurdogan, Y. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Tube settling rate of high-rate pond algae. Water Sci. Technol. 33: 229–234.
Ogbonda, K.H., R.E. Aminigo and G.O. Abu. 2007. Influence of temperature and pH on biomass production and protein
biosynthesis in a putative Spirulina sp. Bioresour. Technol. 98: 2207–2211.
Ogbonna, J.C., H. Yoshizawa and H. Tanaka. 2000. Treatment of high strength organic wastewater by a mixed culture of
photosynthetic microorganisms. J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 277–284.
Olguın, E.J. 2003. Phycoremediation: key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes. Biotechnol. Adv. 22: 81–91.
Oliveira, M.A.C.L., M.P.C. Monteiro, P.G. Robbs and S.G.F. Leite. 1999. Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina
maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. Aquacult. Int. 7: 261–275.
Oswald, W.J. 1988. Large-scale algal culture systems (engineering aspects). pp. 357–394. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J.
Borowitzka (eds.). Micro-Algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press: New York:
Otsuka, K. and A. Yoshino. 2004. A fundamental study on anaerobic digestion of sea lettuce Ocean’04-MTS/IEEE TechnoOcean’04: bridges across the oceans. Conference Proc. 1770–1773.
Pariente, J.P., I. Diaz, F. Mohino and E. Sastre. 2003. Selective synthesis of fatty monoglycerides by using functionalised
mesoporous catalysts. Appl. Catal., A: General 254: 173–188.
Park, J.Y., D.K. Kim and J.S. Lee. 2009. Esterification of free fatty acids using water tolerable Amberlyst as a heterogeneous
catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 101: S62–S65.
Parmar, A., N.K. Singh, A. Pandey, E. Gnansounou and D. Madamwar. 2011. Cyanobacteria and microalgae: a positive prospect
for biofuels. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 10163–10172.
Pate, R., G. Klise and B. Wu. 2011. Resource demand implications for US algae biofuels production scale-up. Appl. Energ.
88: 3377–3388.
Patil, V., T. Kallqvist, E. Olsen, G. Vogt and H.R. Gislerod. 2007. Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use
in aquaculture feed. Aquacult. Int. 15: 1–9.
Peng, W., Q. Wu, P. Tu and N. Zhao. 2001. Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by
thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 77: 1–7.
Mendes, R.L., A.D. Reis and A.F. Palavra. 2006. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of γ-linolenic acid and other lipids from
Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: comparison with organic solvent extraction. Food Chem. 99: 57–63.
Mendiola, J.A., L. Jaime, S. Santoyo, G. Reglero, A. Cifuentes, E. Ibanez and F.J. Senoeans. 2007. Screening of functional
compounds in supercritical fluid extracts from Spirulina platensis. Food Chem. 102: 1357–1367.
Mercer, P. and R.E. Armenta. 2011. Developments in oil extraction from microalgae. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 113: 539–547.
Metting, F.B. 1996. Biodiversity and application of microalgae. J. Ind. Microbiol. 17: 477–489.
Miao, X. and Q. Wu. 2004. High yield bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis by metabolic controlling of Chlorella
protothecoides. J. Biotechnol. 110: 85–93.
Miao, X., Q. Wu and C. Yang. 2004. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
71: 855–863.
Miao, X. and Q. Wu. 2006. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 841–846.
Miyairi, S. 1995. CO 2 assimilation in a thermophilic cyanobacterium. Energy Convers. Manag. 36: 763–766.
Mohn, F.H. 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass in mass culture of microalgae. pp. 547–571. In:
G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder (eds.). Algal Biomass. Elsevier Amsterdam.
Molina, G.E., E.H. Belarbi, F.F.G. Acien, M.A. Robles and Y. Chisti. 2003. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites:
process options and economics. Biotechnol. Adv. 20: 491–515.
Moreno, G.I. 2008. Microalgae immobilization: current techniques and uses. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 3949–3964.
Mudge, S.M. and G. Pereira. 1999. Stimulating the biodegradation of crude oil with biodiesel preliminary results. Spill Science
and Technology Bulletin 5: 353–355.
Mulbry, W., S. Kondrad, C. Pizarro and K.E. Westhead. 2008. Treatment of dairy manure effluent using freshwater algae: algal
productivity and recovery of manure nutrients using pilot-scale algal turf scrubbers. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 8137–8142.
Muller, F.A., G.R. Le, A. Herve and P. Durand. 1998. Comparison of artificial light photobioreactors and other production
systems using Porphyridium cruentum. J. Appl. Phycol. 10: 83–90.
Munoz, R. and B. Guieysse. 2006. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review. Water
Res. 40: 2799–2815.
Murata, N. 1989. Low-temperature effects on cyanobacterial membranes. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 21: 61–75.
Murayama, T. 1994. Evaluating vegetable oils as a diesel fuel. Inform. 5: 1138–1145.
Mussgnug, J.H., V. Klassen, A. Schluter and O. Kruse. 2010. Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in
a combined biorefinery concept. J. Biotechnol. 150: 51–56.
Mutanda, T., D. Ramesh, S. Karthikeyan, S. Kumari, A. Anandraj and F. Bux. 2011. Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing
microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 57–70.
Nakamura, D.N. 2006. Journally speaking: the mass appeal of biomass. Oil Gas J. 104: 15.
Nakanishi, K. 2001. Chlorophyll rich and salt resistant Chlorella. European Patent 1,142,985.
Narasimharao, K., A. Lee and K. Wilson. 2007. Catalysis in production of biodiesel: a review. J. Biobased. Mater. Bio. 1: 19–30.
Nelson, L.A., T.A. Foglia and W.N. Marmer. 1996. Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
73: 1191–1195.
Ngaosuwan, K., E. Lotero, K. Suwannakarn, J.G. Goodwin and P. Praserthdam. 2009. Hydrolysis of triglycerides using solid
acid catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48: 4757–4767.
Nurdogan, Y. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Tube settling rate of high-rate pond algae. Water Sci. Technol. 33: 229–234.
Ogbonda, K.H., R.E. Aminigo and G.O. Abu. 2007. Influence of temperature and pH on biomass production and protein
biosynthesis in a putative Spirulina sp. Bioresour. Technol. 98: 2207–2211.
Ogbonna, J.C., H. Yoshizawa and H. Tanaka. 2000. Treatment of high strength organic wastewater by a mixed culture of
photosynthetic microorganisms. J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 277–284.
Olguın, E.J. 2003. Phycoremediation: key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes. Biotechnol. Adv. 22: 81–91.
Oliveira, M.A.C.L., M.P.C. Monteiro, P.G. Robbs and S.G.F. Leite. 1999. Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina
maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. Aquacult. Int. 7: 261–275.
Oswald, W.J. 1988. Large-scale algal culture systems (engineering aspects). pp. 357–394. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J.
Borowitzka (eds.). Micro-Algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press: New York:
Otsuka, K. and A. Yoshino. 2004. A fundamental study on anaerobic digestion of sea lettuce Ocean’04-MTS/IEEE TechnoOcean’04: bridges across the oceans. Conference Proc. 1770–1773.
Pariente, J.P., I. Diaz, F. Mohino and E. Sastre. 2003. Selective synthesis of fatty monoglycerides by using functionalised
mesoporous catalysts. Appl. Catal., A: General 254: 173–188.
Park, J.Y., D.K. Kim and J.S. Lee. 2009. Esterification of free fatty acids using water tolerable Amberlyst as a heterogeneous
catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 101: S62–S65.
Parmar, A., N.K. Singh, A. Pandey, E. Gnansounou and D. Madamwar. 2011. Cyanobacteria and microalgae: a positive prospect
for biofuels. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 10163–10172.
Pate, R., G. Klise and B. Wu. 2011. Resource demand implications for US algae biofuels production scale-up. Appl. Energ.
88: 3377–3388.
Patil, V., T. Kallqvist, E. Olsen, G. Vogt and H.R. Gislerod. 2007. Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use
in aquaculture feed. Aquacult. Int. 15: 1–9.
Peng, W., Q. Wu, P. Tu and N. Zhao. 2001. Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by
thermogravimetric analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 77: 1–7.