268 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Knothe, G. and K.R. Steidley. 2005. Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel components and related compounds. Influence of
compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components. Fuel 84: 1059–1065.
Knothe, G. 2006. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83: 823–833.
Knuckey, R.M., M.R. Brown, R. Robert and D.M.F. Frampton. 2006. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation
and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacult. Eng. 35: 300–313.
Kodama, M., H. Ikemoto and S. Miyachi. 1993. A new species of highly CO 2 -tolerant, fast-growing marine microalgae suitable
for high-density culture. J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1: 21–25.
Kong, Q.X., L. Li, B. Martinez, P. Chen and R. Ruan. 2010. Culture of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in wastewater
for biomass feedstock production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 160: 9–18.
Kose, O., M. Tuter and A.H. Aksoy. 2002. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase-mediated alcoholysis of cotton seed oil in
a solvent-free medium. Bioresour. Technol. 83: 125–129.
Kuda, T., M. Tsunekawa, H. Goto and Y. Araki. 2005. Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto
Peninsula, Japan. J. Food Compost. Anal. 18: 625–633.
Kumar, A., S. Ergas, X. Yuan, A. Sahu, Q. Zhang, J. Dewulf, F.X. Malcata and H. van Langenhov. 2010. Enhanced CO 2 fixation
and biofuel production via microalgae: recent developments and future directions. Trends Biotechnol. 28: 371–380.
Kumar, M., M.K. Sharma and A. Kumar. 2005. Spirulina fusiformis: a food supplement against mercury induced hepatic
toxicity. J. Health Sci. 51: 424–430.
Lam, M.K. and K.T. Lee. 2012. Microalgae biofuels: a critical review of issues, problems and the way forward. Biotechnol.
Adv. 30: 673–690.
Lardon, L., A. Helias, B. Sialve, J.P. Steyer and O. Bernard. 2009. Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel production from
microalgae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 6475–6481.
Lee, I., L.A. Johnson and E.G. Hammond. 1995. Use of branched chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of
biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72: 1155–1160.
Leung, D.Y.C., X. Wu and M.K.H. Leung. 2010. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl.
Energ. 87: 1083–1095.
Li, L., W. Du, D. Liu, L. Wang and Z. Li. 2006. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oils for biodiesel production
with a novel organic solvent as the reaction medium. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 43: 58–62.
Li, Y.Q., M. Horsman, B. Wang, N. Wu and C.Q. Lan. 2008. Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation
of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81: 629–636.
Liu, J.C., M.Y. Chen and Y.H. Ju. 1999. Separation of algal cells from water by column flotation. Sep. Sci. Technol.
34: 2259–2272.
Lodi, A., L. Binaghi, D.D. Faveri, J.C.M. Carvalho and A. Converti. 2005. Fed batch mixotrophic cultivation of Arthrospira
(Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophycea) with carbon source pulse feeding. Ann. Microbiol. 55: 181–185.
Lotero, E., Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakaran, D.A. Bruce and J.G. Goodwin. 2005. Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44: 5353–5363.
Luis, F.R. and R.R. Tan. 2011. Net energy analysis of the production of biodiesel and biogas from the microalgae Haematococcus
pluvialis and Nannochloropsis. Appl. Energ. 88: 3507–3514.
Luiten, E.E.M., I. Akkerman, A. Koulman, P. Kamermans, H. Reith, M.J. Barbosa, D. Sipkema and R.H. Wijffels. 2003.
Realizing the promises of marine biotechnology. Biomol. Eng. 20: 429–439.
Lynd, L.R. 1996. Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass: technology, economics, the environment,
and policy. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 21: 403–465.
Ma, F. and M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 70: 1–15.
Maeda, K., M. Owada, N. Kimura, K. Omata and I. Karube. 1995. CO 2 fixation from flue gas on coal fired thermal power
plant by microalgae. Energy Convers. Manag. 36: 717–720.
Mata, T.M., A.A. Martins and N.S. Caetano. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14: 217–232.
Matos, J., C. Cardoso, N.M. Bandarra and C. Afonso. 2017. Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review.
Food Funct. 8: 2672–2685.
Matsumoto, M., H. Yokouchi, N. Suzuki, H. Ohata and T. Matsunaga. 2003. Saccharification of marine microalgae using
marine bacteria for ethanol production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 105: 247–254.
Matsunaga, T., H. Takeyama, H. Miyashita and H. Yokouchi. 2005. Marine microalgae. Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol.
96: 165–188.
Medina, A.R., E.M. Grima, A.G. Gimenez and M.J.I. Gonzalez. 1998. Downstream processing of algal polyunsaturated fatty
acids. Biotechnol. Adv. 3: 517–580.
Meher, L.C., D.V. Sagar and S.N. Naik. 2006. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 10: 248–268.
Mendes, R.L., A. Reis, H.L. Fernandes, J.M. Novais and A.F. Palavra. 1999. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of lipids from
a GLA-rich Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima biomass. In: Proc. 5th Int. Conference on Supercritical Fluids and their
Applications. Verona, Italy, 13–16 June: 209–216.
Mendes, R.L., A.D. Reis, A.P. Pereira. M.T. Cardoso, A.F. Palavra and J.P. Coelho. 2005. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of
γ-linolenic acid (GLA) from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: experiments and modelling. Chem.
Eng. J. 105: 147–152.
Knothe, G. and K.R. Steidley. 2005. Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel components and related compounds. Influence of
compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components. Fuel 84: 1059–1065.
Knothe, G. 2006. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 83: 823–833.
Knuckey, R.M., M.R. Brown, R. Robert and D.M.F. Frampton. 2006. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation
and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacult. Eng. 35: 300–313.
Kodama, M., H. Ikemoto and S. Miyachi. 1993. A new species of highly CO 2 -tolerant, fast-growing marine microalgae suitable
for high-density culture. J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1: 21–25.
Kong, Q.X., L. Li, B. Martinez, P. Chen and R. Ruan. 2010. Culture of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in wastewater
for biomass feedstock production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 160: 9–18.
Kose, O., M. Tuter and A.H. Aksoy. 2002. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase-mediated alcoholysis of cotton seed oil in
a solvent-free medium. Bioresour. Technol. 83: 125–129.
Kuda, T., M. Tsunekawa, H. Goto and Y. Araki. 2005. Antioxidant properties of four edible algae harvested in the Noto
Peninsula, Japan. J. Food Compost. Anal. 18: 625–633.
Kumar, A., S. Ergas, X. Yuan, A. Sahu, Q. Zhang, J. Dewulf, F.X. Malcata and H. van Langenhov. 2010. Enhanced CO 2 fixation
and biofuel production via microalgae: recent developments and future directions. Trends Biotechnol. 28: 371–380.
Kumar, M., M.K. Sharma and A. Kumar. 2005. Spirulina fusiformis: a food supplement against mercury induced hepatic
toxicity. J. Health Sci. 51: 424–430.
Lam, M.K. and K.T. Lee. 2012. Microalgae biofuels: a critical review of issues, problems and the way forward. Biotechnol.
Adv. 30: 673–690.
Lardon, L., A. Helias, B. Sialve, J.P. Steyer and O. Bernard. 2009. Life-cycle assessment of biodiesel production from
microalgae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 6475–6481.
Lee, I., L.A. Johnson and E.G. Hammond. 1995. Use of branched chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of
biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72: 1155–1160.
Leung, D.Y.C., X. Wu and M.K.H. Leung. 2010. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl.
Energ. 87: 1083–1095.
Li, L., W. Du, D. Liu, L. Wang and Z. Li. 2006. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oils for biodiesel production
with a novel organic solvent as the reaction medium. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 43: 58–62.
Li, Y.Q., M. Horsman, B. Wang, N. Wu and C.Q. Lan. 2008. Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation
of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 81: 629–636.
Liu, J.C., M.Y. Chen and Y.H. Ju. 1999. Separation of algal cells from water by column flotation. Sep. Sci. Technol.
34: 2259–2272.
Lodi, A., L. Binaghi, D.D. Faveri, J.C.M. Carvalho and A. Converti. 2005. Fed batch mixotrophic cultivation of Arthrospira
(Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophycea) with carbon source pulse feeding. Ann. Microbiol. 55: 181–185.
Lotero, E., Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakaran, D.A. Bruce and J.G. Goodwin. 2005. Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44: 5353–5363.
Luis, F.R. and R.R. Tan. 2011. Net energy analysis of the production of biodiesel and biogas from the microalgae Haematococcus
pluvialis and Nannochloropsis. Appl. Energ. 88: 3507–3514.
Luiten, E.E.M., I. Akkerman, A. Koulman, P. Kamermans, H. Reith, M.J. Barbosa, D. Sipkema and R.H. Wijffels. 2003.
Realizing the promises of marine biotechnology. Biomol. Eng. 20: 429–439.
Lynd, L.R. 1996. Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass: technology, economics, the environment,
and policy. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 21: 403–465.
Ma, F. and M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 70: 1–15.
Maeda, K., M. Owada, N. Kimura, K. Omata and I. Karube. 1995. CO 2 fixation from flue gas on coal fired thermal power
plant by microalgae. Energy Convers. Manag. 36: 717–720.
Mata, T.M., A.A. Martins and N.S. Caetano. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14: 217–232.
Matos, J., C. Cardoso, N.M. Bandarra and C. Afonso. 2017. Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review.
Food Funct. 8: 2672–2685.
Matsumoto, M., H. Yokouchi, N. Suzuki, H. Ohata and T. Matsunaga. 2003. Saccharification of marine microalgae using
marine bacteria for ethanol production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 105: 247–254.
Matsunaga, T., H. Takeyama, H. Miyashita and H. Yokouchi. 2005. Marine microalgae. Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol.
96: 165–188.
Medina, A.R., E.M. Grima, A.G. Gimenez and M.J.I. Gonzalez. 1998. Downstream processing of algal polyunsaturated fatty
acids. Biotechnol. Adv. 3: 517–580.
Meher, L.C., D.V. Sagar and S.N. Naik. 2006. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 10: 248–268.
Mendes, R.L., A. Reis, H.L. Fernandes, J.M. Novais and A.F. Palavra. 1999. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of lipids from
a GLA-rich Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima biomass. In: Proc. 5th Int. Conference on Supercritical Fluids and their
Applications. Verona, Italy, 13–16 June: 209–216.
Mendes, R.L., A.D. Reis, A.P. Pereira. M.T. Cardoso, A.F. Palavra and J.P. Coelho. 2005. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of
γ-linolenic acid (GLA) from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: experiments and modelling. Chem.
Eng. J. 105: 147–152.