266 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Demirbas, A. 2009. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification. Energy
Convers. Manag. 50: 923–927.
Demirbas, A. 2010. Social, economic, environmental and policy aspects of biofuels. Energy Educ. Sci. Tech. 2: 75–109.
Deng, Z., Q. Hu, F. Lu, G. Liu and Z. Hu. 2008. Colony development and physiological characterization of the edible bluegreen alga, Nostoc sphaeroides (Nostocaceae, Cyanophyta). Prog. Nat. Sci. 18: 475–484.
Devi, B.L.A.P., K.N. Gangadhar, P.S.S. Prasad, B. Jagannadh and R.B.N. Prasad. 2009. A glycerol-based carbon catalyst for
the preparation of biodiesel. Chem. Sustain. Chem. 2: 617–620.
Devi, B.L.A.P., K.V. Lakshmi, K.N. Gangadhar, R.B.N. Prasad, P.S.S. Prasad, B. Jagannadh, P.P. Kundu, G. Kumari and
C. Narayana. 2017. Novel heterogeneous SO 3 Na-carbon transesterification catalyst for the production of biodiesel.
ChemistrySelect 2: 1925–1931.
Dhargalkar, V.K. and X.N. Verlecar. 2009. Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquacult.
287: 229–242.
Dismukes, G.C., D. Carrieri, N. Bennette, G.M. Ananyev and M.C. Posewitz. 2008. Aquatic phototrophs: efficient alternatives
to land-based crops for biofuels. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19: 235–240.
Divakaran, R. and V.N.S. Pillai. 2002. Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 419–422.
Dring, J.M. 1991. The Biology of Marine Plants, Cambridge University Press, USA: 46.
Efremenko, E.N., A.B. Nikolskaya, I.V. Lyagin, O.V. Senko, T.A. Makhlis, N.A. Stepanov, O.V. Maslova, F. Mamedova and
S.D. Varfolomeev. 2012. Production of biofuels from pretreated microalgae biomass by anaerobic fermentation with
immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum cells. Bioresour. Technol. 114: 342–348.
Emma, H.I., B. Colman, G.S. Espie and L.M. Lubian. 2000. Active transport of CO 2 by three species of marine microalgae.
J. Phycol. 36: 314–320.
Emma, S. and S. Rosalam. 2012. Conversion of microalgae to biofuel. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16: 4316–4342.
Encinar, J.M., J.F. Gonzalez, J.J. Rodriguez and A. Tejedor. 2002. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of
Cynara cardunculus L. oils with ethanol. Energy Fuels 16: 443–450.
Erica, M.T. 1996. SalonOvations’ day spa techniques. Cengage Learning. 137.
Fangrui, M. and M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 70: 1–15.
Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky and P. Hawthorne. 2008. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319:
1235–1238.
Filip, V., V. Zajic and J. Smidrkal. 1992. Methanolysis of rapeseed oil triglyceride. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras 39: 91–94.
Fontes, A.G., V.M. Angeles, J. Moreno, M.G. Guerrero and M. Losada. 1987. Factors affecting the production of biomass by
a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga in outdoor culture. Biomass 13: 33–43.
Freedman, B., E.H. Pryde and T.L. Mounts. 1984. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable
oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61: 1638–1643.
Fukuda, H., A. Kondo and H. Noda. 2001. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 92: 405–416.
Fuls, J., C.S. Hawkins and F.J.C. Hugo. 1984. Tractor engine performance on sunflower oil fuel. J. Agr. Eng. Res. 30: 29–35.
Gangadhar, K.N., H. Pereira, H.P. Diogo, R.M.B. dos Santos, B.L.A.P. Devi, R.B.N. Prasad, L. Custodio, F.X. Malcata, J.
Varela and L. Barreira. 2016a. Assessment and comparison of the properties of biodiesel synthesized from three different
microalgae biomass. J. Appl. Phycol. 28: 1571–1578.
Gangadhar, K.N., H. Pereira, M.J. Rodrigues, L. Custódio, L. Barreira, F.X. Malcata and J. Varela. 2016b. Microalgae-based
unsaponifiable matter as source of natural antioxidants and metal chelators to enhance the value of wet Tetraselmis chuii
biomass. Open Chem. 14: 299–307.
Gao, K., Yu, H and M.T. Brown. 2007. Solar PAR and UV radiation affects the physiology and morphology of the cyanobacterium
Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 14: 117–124.
Geciova, J., D. Bury and P. Jelen. 2002. Methods for disruption of microbial cells for potential use in the dairy industry—a
review. Int. Dairy J. 12: 541–553.
Georgogianni, K.G., M.G. Kontominas, P.J. Pomonis, D. Avlonitis and V. Gergis. 2008. Conventional and in situ
transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel. Fuel Process. Technol. 89: 503–509.
Gerpen, J.V. 2005. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process. Technol. 86: 1097–1107.
Ghirardi, M.L., L. Zhang, J.W. Lee, T. Flynn, M. Seibert, E. Greenbaum and A. Melis. 2000. Microalgae: a green source of
renewable H 2 . Trends Biotechnol. 18: 506–511.
Ginzberg, A., M. Cohen, U.A. Sod-Moriah, S. Shany, A. Rosenshtrauch and S. Arad. 2000. Chickens fed with biomass of the
red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk.
J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 325–330.
Giorgos, M. and G. Dimitris. 2011. Cultivation of filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in agro-industrial wastes and
wastewaters. a review. Appl. Energ. 88: 3389–3401.
Graham, L.E., J.E. Graham and L.W. Wilcox. 2008. Algae, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lovitt and K.J. Flynn. 2010. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Grierson, S., V. Strezov, G. Ellem, R. Mcgregor and J. Herbertson. 2009. Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow
pyrolysis conditions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 85: 118–123.
Guedes, A.C., H.M. Amaro and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds, a brief review
of recent work. Biotechnol. Progr. 27: 597–613.
Demirbas, A. 2009. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification. Energy
Convers. Manag. 50: 923–927.
Demirbas, A. 2010. Social, economic, environmental and policy aspects of biofuels. Energy Educ. Sci. Tech. 2: 75–109.
Deng, Z., Q. Hu, F. Lu, G. Liu and Z. Hu. 2008. Colony development and physiological characterization of the edible bluegreen alga, Nostoc sphaeroides (Nostocaceae, Cyanophyta). Prog. Nat. Sci. 18: 475–484.
Devi, B.L.A.P., K.N. Gangadhar, P.S.S. Prasad, B. Jagannadh and R.B.N. Prasad. 2009. A glycerol-based carbon catalyst for
the preparation of biodiesel. Chem. Sustain. Chem. 2: 617–620.
Devi, B.L.A.P., K.V. Lakshmi, K.N. Gangadhar, R.B.N. Prasad, P.S.S. Prasad, B. Jagannadh, P.P. Kundu, G. Kumari and
C. Narayana. 2017. Novel heterogeneous SO 3 Na-carbon transesterification catalyst for the production of biodiesel.
ChemistrySelect 2: 1925–1931.
Dhargalkar, V.K. and X.N. Verlecar. 2009. Southern Ocean seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs. Aquacult.
287: 229–242.
Dismukes, G.C., D. Carrieri, N. Bennette, G.M. Ananyev and M.C. Posewitz. 2008. Aquatic phototrophs: efficient alternatives
to land-based crops for biofuels. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19: 235–240.
Divakaran, R. and V.N.S. Pillai. 2002. Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 419–422.
Dring, J.M. 1991. The Biology of Marine Plants, Cambridge University Press, USA: 46.
Efremenko, E.N., A.B. Nikolskaya, I.V. Lyagin, O.V. Senko, T.A. Makhlis, N.A. Stepanov, O.V. Maslova, F. Mamedova and
S.D. Varfolomeev. 2012. Production of biofuels from pretreated microalgae biomass by anaerobic fermentation with
immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum cells. Bioresour. Technol. 114: 342–348.
Emma, H.I., B. Colman, G.S. Espie and L.M. Lubian. 2000. Active transport of CO 2 by three species of marine microalgae.
J. Phycol. 36: 314–320.
Emma, S. and S. Rosalam. 2012. Conversion of microalgae to biofuel. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16: 4316–4342.
Encinar, J.M., J.F. Gonzalez, J.J. Rodriguez and A. Tejedor. 2002. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of
Cynara cardunculus L. oils with ethanol. Energy Fuels 16: 443–450.
Erica, M.T. 1996. SalonOvations’ day spa techniques. Cengage Learning. 137.
Fangrui, M. and M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 70: 1–15.
Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky and P. Hawthorne. 2008. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319:
1235–1238.
Filip, V., V. Zajic and J. Smidrkal. 1992. Methanolysis of rapeseed oil triglyceride. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras 39: 91–94.
Fontes, A.G., V.M. Angeles, J. Moreno, M.G. Guerrero and M. Losada. 1987. Factors affecting the production of biomass by
a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga in outdoor culture. Biomass 13: 33–43.
Freedman, B., E.H. Pryde and T.L. Mounts. 1984. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable
oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61: 1638–1643.
Fukuda, H., A. Kondo and H. Noda. 2001. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 92: 405–416.
Fuls, J., C.S. Hawkins and F.J.C. Hugo. 1984. Tractor engine performance on sunflower oil fuel. J. Agr. Eng. Res. 30: 29–35.
Gangadhar, K.N., H. Pereira, H.P. Diogo, R.M.B. dos Santos, B.L.A.P. Devi, R.B.N. Prasad, L. Custodio, F.X. Malcata, J.
Varela and L. Barreira. 2016a. Assessment and comparison of the properties of biodiesel synthesized from three different
microalgae biomass. J. Appl. Phycol. 28: 1571–1578.
Gangadhar, K.N., H. Pereira, M.J. Rodrigues, L. Custódio, L. Barreira, F.X. Malcata and J. Varela. 2016b. Microalgae-based
unsaponifiable matter as source of natural antioxidants and metal chelators to enhance the value of wet Tetraselmis chuii
biomass. Open Chem. 14: 299–307.
Gao, K., Yu, H and M.T. Brown. 2007. Solar PAR and UV radiation affects the physiology and morphology of the cyanobacterium
Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 14: 117–124.
Geciova, J., D. Bury and P. Jelen. 2002. Methods for disruption of microbial cells for potential use in the dairy industry—a
review. Int. Dairy J. 12: 541–553.
Georgogianni, K.G., M.G. Kontominas, P.J. Pomonis, D. Avlonitis and V. Gergis. 2008. Conventional and in situ
transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel. Fuel Process. Technol. 89: 503–509.
Gerpen, J.V. 2005. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process. Technol. 86: 1097–1107.
Ghirardi, M.L., L. Zhang, J.W. Lee, T. Flynn, M. Seibert, E. Greenbaum and A. Melis. 2000. Microalgae: a green source of
renewable H 2 . Trends Biotechnol. 18: 506–511.
Ginzberg, A., M. Cohen, U.A. Sod-Moriah, S. Shany, A. Rosenshtrauch and S. Arad. 2000. Chickens fed with biomass of the
red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk.
J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 325–330.
Giorgos, M. and G. Dimitris. 2011. Cultivation of filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in agro-industrial wastes and
wastewaters. a review. Appl. Energ. 88: 3389–3401.
Graham, L.E., J.E. Graham and L.W. Wilcox. 2008. Algae, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lovitt and K.J. Flynn. 2010. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Grierson, S., V. Strezov, G. Ellem, R. Mcgregor and J. Herbertson. 2009. Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow
pyrolysis conditions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 85: 118–123.
Guedes, A.C., H.M. Amaro and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds, a brief review
of recent work. Biotechnol. Progr. 27: 597–613.