232 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Landsberg, J.H., L.J. Flewelling and J. Naar. 2009. Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and impacts on
natural resources: Decadal advancements. Harmful Algae 8: 598–607.
Leander, B.S. and P.J. Keeling. 2004. Early evolutionary history of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans (Alveolata) as inferred
from hsp90 and actin phylogenies. J. Phycol. 40: 341–350.
Lewis, J., A.S. Harris, K.J. Jones and R.L. Edmonds. 1999. Long-term survival of marine planktonic diatoms and dinoflagellates
in stored sediment samples. J. Plankton Res. 21: 343–354.
Lin, S. 2011. Genomic understanding of dinoflagellates. Res. Microbiol. 162: 551–569.
Loader, J.I., A.D. Hawkes, V. Beuzenberg, D.J. Jensen, J.M. Cooney, A.L. Wilkins, J.M. Fitzgerald, L.R. Briggs and
C.O. Miles. 2007. Convenient large-scale purification of yessotoxin from Protoceratium reticulatum culture and isolation
of a novel furanoyessotoxin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 11093–11100.
ten Lohuis, M.R. and D.J. Miller. 1998. Genetic transformation of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium and Symbiodinium): expression
of GUS in microalgae using heterologous promoter constructs. Plant J. 13: 427–435.
López-Legentil, S., B. Song, M. DeTure and D.G. Baden. 2010. Characterization and localization of a hybrid non-ribosomal
peptide synthetase and Polyketide synthase gene from the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Mar. Biotechnol. 12: 32–41.
López-rosales, L., A. Sánchez-Mirón, A. Contreras-Gomes, F. García-camacho and E. Molina-grima. 2015. An optimisation
approach for culturing shear-sensitive dinoflagellate microalgae in bench-scale bubble column photobioreactors.
Bioresour. Technol. 197: 375–382.
López-rosales, L., F. García-Camacho, A. Sánchez-Mirón, E.M. Beato and Y. Chisti. 2016. Pilot-scale bubble column
photobioreactor culture of a marine dinoflagellate microalga illuminated with light emission diodes. Biosource Technol.
216: 845–855.
Malve, H. 2016. Exploring the ocean for new drug developments: Marine pharmacology. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 8: 83–91.
Matsuoka, K., L.B. Joyce, Y. Kotani and Y. Matsuyama. 2003. Modern dinoflagellate cysts in hypertrophic coastal waters of
Tokyo Bay, Japan. J. Plankton Res. 25: 1461–1470.
McEwan, M., R. Humayun, C.H. Slamovotis and P.J. Keeling. 2008. Nuclear genome sequence survey of the dinoflagellate
Heterocapsa triquetra. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55: 530–535.
Medhioub, W., V. Séchet, P. Truquet, M. Bardouil, Z. Amzil, P. Lassus and P. Soudant. 2011. Alexandrium ostenfeldii growth
and spirolide production in batch culture and photobioreactor. Harmful Algae 10: 794–803.
Nagai, H., Y. Mirakami, K. Yazawa, T. Gonoi and T. Yasumoto. 1993. Biological activities of novel polyether antifungals,
gamberic acids A and B from a marine dinogflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo). 46: 520–522.
Nicolaou, K.C., Theocharis V. Koftis, S. Vyskocil, G. Petrovic, W. Tang, M.O. Frederick, D.Y.K. Chen, Y. Li, T. Ling and
Y.M.A. Yamada. 2006. Total synthesis and structural elucidation of azaspiracid-1. Final assignment and total synthesis
of the correct structure of azaspiracid-1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128: 2244–2257.
Nieto, F.R., E.J. Cobos, M.Á. Tejada, C. Sánchez-Fernández, R. González-Cano and C.M. Cendán. 2012. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
as a therapeutic agent for pain. Mar. Drugs 10: 281–305.
Not, F., R. Siano, W. Kooistra, N. Simon, D. Vaulot and I. Probert. 2012. Diversity and ecology of eukaryotic marine
phytoplankton. pp. 1–53 In: G. Piganeau (ed.). Advances in Botanical Research: Genomic Insights into the Biology of
Algae. Academic Press, Oxford.
Pan, Y., A.D. Cembella and M.A. Quilliam. 1999. Cell cycle and toxin production in the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum
lima. Mar. Biol. 134: 541–549.
Parker, N.S., A.P. Negri, D. M. F. Frampton, L. Rodolfi, M.R. Tredici and S.I. Blackburn. 2002. Growth of the toxic dinoflagellate
Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) using high biomass culture systems. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 313–324.
Pelin, M., C. Florio, C. Ponti, M. Lucafò, D. Gibellini, A. Tubaro and S. Sosa. 2016. Pro-inflammatory effects of palytoxin:
an in vitro study on human keratinocytes and inflammatory cells. Toxicol. Res. 5: 1172–1181.
Quilliam, M.A. 2003. Chemical methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins. pp. 211–246. In: G. Hallegraeff, D. Anderson and
A. Cembella (eds.). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Comission (UNESCO),
Paris.
Radakovits, R., R.E. Jinkerson, A. Darzins and M.C. Posewitz. 2010. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel
production. Eukaryot. Cell. 9: 486–501.
Rahman Sha, M.M., K.W. Samarakoon, S.J. An, Y.J. Jeon and J.B. Lee. 2016. Growth characteristics of three benthic
dinoflagellates in mass culture and their antioxidant properties. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 11: 268–277.
Rein, K.S. and J. Borrone. 1999. Polyketides from dinoflagellates: origins, pharmacology and biosynthesis. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 124: 117–31.
Rein, K.S. and R.V. Snyder. 2006. The biosynthesis of polyketide metabolites by dinoflagellates. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 59:
93–125.
Rill, R.L., F. Livolant, H.C. Aldrich and M.W. Davidson. 1989. Electron microscopy of liquid crystalline DNA: direct evidence
for cholesteric-like organization of DNA in dinoflagellate chromosomes. Chromosoma 98: 280–286.
Rizzo, P.J. 2003. Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes. Cell Res. 13: 215–217.
Rodriguez-Navarro, A.J., N. Lagos, M. Lagos, I. Braghetto, A. Csendes, J. Hamilton, C. Figueroa, D. Truan, C. Garcia,
A. Rojas, V. Iglesias, L. Brunet and F. Alvarez. 2007. Neosaxitoxin as a local anesthetic. Anesthesiology 106: 339–345.
Rost, B.B., K.U. Richter, U.L. Riebesell and P.E. Hansen. 2006. Inorganic carbon acquisition in red tide dinoflagellates. Plant,
Cell Environ. 29: 810–822.
Landsberg, J.H., L.J. Flewelling and J. Naar. 2009. Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and impacts on
natural resources: Decadal advancements. Harmful Algae 8: 598–607.
Leander, B.S. and P.J. Keeling. 2004. Early evolutionary history of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans (Alveolata) as inferred
from hsp90 and actin phylogenies. J. Phycol. 40: 341–350.
Lewis, J., A.S. Harris, K.J. Jones and R.L. Edmonds. 1999. Long-term survival of marine planktonic diatoms and dinoflagellates
in stored sediment samples. J. Plankton Res. 21: 343–354.
Lin, S. 2011. Genomic understanding of dinoflagellates. Res. Microbiol. 162: 551–569.
Loader, J.I., A.D. Hawkes, V. Beuzenberg, D.J. Jensen, J.M. Cooney, A.L. Wilkins, J.M. Fitzgerald, L.R. Briggs and
C.O. Miles. 2007. Convenient large-scale purification of yessotoxin from Protoceratium reticulatum culture and isolation
of a novel furanoyessotoxin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 11093–11100.
ten Lohuis, M.R. and D.J. Miller. 1998. Genetic transformation of dinoflagellates (Amphidinium and Symbiodinium): expression
of GUS in microalgae using heterologous promoter constructs. Plant J. 13: 427–435.
López-Legentil, S., B. Song, M. DeTure and D.G. Baden. 2010. Characterization and localization of a hybrid non-ribosomal
peptide synthetase and Polyketide synthase gene from the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Mar. Biotechnol. 12: 32–41.
López-rosales, L., A. Sánchez-Mirón, A. Contreras-Gomes, F. García-camacho and E. Molina-grima. 2015. An optimisation
approach for culturing shear-sensitive dinoflagellate microalgae in bench-scale bubble column photobioreactors.
Bioresour. Technol. 197: 375–382.
López-rosales, L., F. García-Camacho, A. Sánchez-Mirón, E.M. Beato and Y. Chisti. 2016. Pilot-scale bubble column
photobioreactor culture of a marine dinoflagellate microalga illuminated with light emission diodes. Biosource Technol.
216: 845–855.
Malve, H. 2016. Exploring the ocean for new drug developments: Marine pharmacology. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 8: 83–91.
Matsuoka, K., L.B. Joyce, Y. Kotani and Y. Matsuyama. 2003. Modern dinoflagellate cysts in hypertrophic coastal waters of
Tokyo Bay, Japan. J. Plankton Res. 25: 1461–1470.
McEwan, M., R. Humayun, C.H. Slamovotis and P.J. Keeling. 2008. Nuclear genome sequence survey of the dinoflagellate
Heterocapsa triquetra. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55: 530–535.
Medhioub, W., V. Séchet, P. Truquet, M. Bardouil, Z. Amzil, P. Lassus and P. Soudant. 2011. Alexandrium ostenfeldii growth
and spirolide production in batch culture and photobioreactor. Harmful Algae 10: 794–803.
Nagai, H., Y. Mirakami, K. Yazawa, T. Gonoi and T. Yasumoto. 1993. Biological activities of novel polyether antifungals,
gamberic acids A and B from a marine dinogflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo). 46: 520–522.
Nicolaou, K.C., Theocharis V. Koftis, S. Vyskocil, G. Petrovic, W. Tang, M.O. Frederick, D.Y.K. Chen, Y. Li, T. Ling and
Y.M.A. Yamada. 2006. Total synthesis and structural elucidation of azaspiracid-1. Final assignment and total synthesis
of the correct structure of azaspiracid-1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128: 2244–2257.
Nieto, F.R., E.J. Cobos, M.Á. Tejada, C. Sánchez-Fernández, R. González-Cano and C.M. Cendán. 2012. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
as a therapeutic agent for pain. Mar. Drugs 10: 281–305.
Not, F., R. Siano, W. Kooistra, N. Simon, D. Vaulot and I. Probert. 2012. Diversity and ecology of eukaryotic marine
phytoplankton. pp. 1–53 In: G. Piganeau (ed.). Advances in Botanical Research: Genomic Insights into the Biology of
Algae. Academic Press, Oxford.
Pan, Y., A.D. Cembella and M.A. Quilliam. 1999. Cell cycle and toxin production in the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum
lima. Mar. Biol. 134: 541–549.
Parker, N.S., A.P. Negri, D. M. F. Frampton, L. Rodolfi, M.R. Tredici and S.I. Blackburn. 2002. Growth of the toxic dinoflagellate
Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) using high biomass culture systems. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 313–324.
Pelin, M., C. Florio, C. Ponti, M. Lucafò, D. Gibellini, A. Tubaro and S. Sosa. 2016. Pro-inflammatory effects of palytoxin:
an in vitro study on human keratinocytes and inflammatory cells. Toxicol. Res. 5: 1172–1181.
Quilliam, M.A. 2003. Chemical methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins. pp. 211–246. In: G. Hallegraeff, D. Anderson and
A. Cembella (eds.). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Comission (UNESCO),
Paris.
Radakovits, R., R.E. Jinkerson, A. Darzins and M.C. Posewitz. 2010. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel
production. Eukaryot. Cell. 9: 486–501.
Rahman Sha, M.M., K.W. Samarakoon, S.J. An, Y.J. Jeon and J.B. Lee. 2016. Growth characteristics of three benthic
dinoflagellates in mass culture and their antioxidant properties. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 11: 268–277.
Rein, K.S. and J. Borrone. 1999. Polyketides from dinoflagellates: origins, pharmacology and biosynthesis. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 124: 117–31.
Rein, K.S. and R.V. Snyder. 2006. The biosynthesis of polyketide metabolites by dinoflagellates. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 59:
93–125.
Rill, R.L., F. Livolant, H.C. Aldrich and M.W. Davidson. 1989. Electron microscopy of liquid crystalline DNA: direct evidence
for cholesteric-like organization of DNA in dinoflagellate chromosomes. Chromosoma 98: 280–286.
Rizzo, P.J. 2003. Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes. Cell Res. 13: 215–217.
Rodriguez-Navarro, A.J., N. Lagos, M. Lagos, I. Braghetto, A. Csendes, J. Hamilton, C. Figueroa, D. Truan, C. Garcia,
A. Rojas, V. Iglesias, L. Brunet and F. Alvarez. 2007. Neosaxitoxin as a local anesthetic. Anesthesiology 106: 339–345.
Rost, B.B., K.U. Richter, U.L. Riebesell and P.E. Hansen. 2006. Inorganic carbon acquisition in red tide dinoflagellates. Plant,
Cell Environ. 29: 810–822.