Dinoflagellates and Toxin Production 231
Gobler, C.J. and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2001. Effects of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nutrients, and iron
additions on the growth of phytoplankton and bacteria during a brown tide bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 209: 19–34.
Gomez, F. 2012. A quantitative review of the lifestyle, habitat and trophic diversity of dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata).
Syst. Biodivers 10: 267–275.
Gouveia, L. 2011. Microalgae and biofuels production. pp. 1–69. In: Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. SpringerBriefs
in Microbiology. Springer Berlin.
Hackett, J.D., D.M. Anderson, D.L. Erdne and D. Bhattacharya. 2004. Dinoflagellates: a remarkable evolutionay experiment.
Am. J. Bot. 91: 1523–1534.
Haefner, B. 2003. Drugs from the deep: marine natural products as drug candidates. Drug Discov. Today. 8: 536–544.
Hallegraeff, G. M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32: 79–99.
Hallegraeff, G. M.2003. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. pp. 25–45. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson and
A.D. Cembella (eds.). Manual of Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing, Landais.
Han, M., H. Lee, D.M. Anderson and B. Kim. 2016. Paralytic shellfish toxin production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium
pacificum (Chinhae Bay, Korea) in axenic, nutrient-limited chemostat cultures and nutrient-enriched batch cultures.
Mar. Pollut. Bull. 104: 34–43.
Hardison, D.R., W.G. Sunda, D. Shea and R.W. Litaker. 2013. Increased toxicity of Karenia brevis during phosphate limited
growth: ecological and evolutionary implications. PLoS One 8: 1–15.
Harlow, L.D., A. Koutoulis and G.M. Hallegraeff. 2007. S-adenosylmethionine synthetase genes from eleven marine
dinoflagellates. Phycologia 46: 46–53.
Hickman, C.P., L.S. Roberts, A.L. Larson and H.l’Anson. 2008. Protozoan Groups. In: Hickman, S., Larry Roberts, L. Allan
and H.I. Larson (eds.). Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hodgkiss, I.J. and K.C. Ho. 1997. Are changes in N:P ratios in coastal waters the key to increased red tide blooms? Hydrobiologia
352: 141–147.
Hu, H., W. Chen, Y. Shi and C. Wei. 2006. Nitrate and phosphate supplementation to increase toxin production by the marine
dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Mar. Pollut. Boll. 52: 756–760.
Hu, W., C. Berdugo and J.J. Chalmers. 2011. The potential of hydrodynamic damage to animal cells of industrial relevance:
current understanding. Cytotechnology 63: 445–60.
Hu, W., R. Gladue, J. Hansen, C. Wojnar and J.J. Chalmers. 2007. The sensitivity of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii
to transient hydrodynamic forces and cell-bubble interactions. Biotechnol. Prog. 23: 1355–1362.
Jaeckisch, N., I. Yang, S. Wohlrab, G. Glöckner, J. Kroymann, H. Vogel, A. Cembella and U. John. 2011. Comparative genomic
and transcriptomic characterization of the toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. PLoS One 6: 1–15.
Jaouen, P., L. Vandanjon and F. Quéméneur. 1999. The shear stress of microalgal cell suspensions (Tetraselmis suecica) in
tangential flow filtration systems: the role of pumps. Bioresour. Technol. 68: 149–154.
Jauffrais, T., J. Kilcoyne, V. Séchet, C. Herrenknecht, P. Truquet, F. Hervé, J. B. Bérard, Cíara Nulty, S. Taylor, U. Tillmann,
C. O. Miles and P. Hess. 2012. Production and isolation of azaspiracid-1 and -2 from Azadinium spinosum culture in
pilot scale photobioreactors. Mar. Drugs 10: 1360–1382.
John, E.H. and K.J. Flynn. 2000. Growth dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae): the effect of
changing N:P supply ratios on internal toxin and nutrient levels. Eur. J. Phycol. 35: 11–23.
John, U., M.A. Quilliam, L. Medlin and A.D. Cembella. 2001. Spirolide production and photoperiod-dependent growth of
the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. pp. 299–302. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch and
R.J. Lewis (eds.). Harmful Algal Bloom 2000. International Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), Paris.
Joseph, A. 2016. Oceans: Abode of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biotoxins. pp. 493–554. In: A. Joseph (ed.). Investigating
Seafloors and Oceans. Candice Janco, Goa.
Juhl, A.R., V.L. Trainer and M.I. Latz. 2001. Effect of fluid shear and irradiance on population growth and cellular toxin
content of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 758–764.
Kamat, P.K., S. Rai and C. Nath. 2013. Okadaic acid induced neurotoxicity: An emerging tool to study Alzheimer’s disease
pathology. Neurotoxicology 37: 163–172.
Kellmann, R., A. Stüken, R.J.S. Orr, H.M. Svendsen and K.S. Jakobsen. 2010. Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of
polyketides in marine dinoflagellates. Mar. Drugs 8: 1011–1048.
Kibler, S.R., R.W. Litaker, W.C. Holland, M.W. Vandersea and P.A. Tester. 2012. Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae)
species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance. Harmful Algae 19: 1–14.
Kita, M., N. Ohishi, K. Washida, M. Kondo, T. Koyama, K. Yamada and D. Uemura. 2005. Symbioimine and neosymbioimine,
amphoteric iminium metabolites from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13:
5253–5258.
Kobayashi, J. and M. Tsuda. 2004. Amphidinolides, bioactive macrolides from symbiotic marine dinoflagellates. Nat. Prod.
Rep. 21: 77–93.
Kohane, D.S., N.T. Lu, A.C. Gökgöl-Kline, M. Shubina, Y. Kuang, S. Hall, G.R. Strichartz and C.B. Berde. 2000. The local
anesthetic properties and toxicity of saxitonin homologues for rat sciatic nerve block in vivo. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med.
25: 52–59.
Kumar, K., C. Nag, B. Nayak, P. Lindblad and D. Das. 2011. Development of suitable photobioreactors for CO 2 sequestration
addressing global warming using green algae and cyanobacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 4945–4953.
Gobler, C.J. and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2001. Effects of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nutrients, and iron
additions on the growth of phytoplankton and bacteria during a brown tide bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 209: 19–34.
Gomez, F. 2012. A quantitative review of the lifestyle, habitat and trophic diversity of dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata).
Syst. Biodivers 10: 267–275.
Gouveia, L. 2011. Microalgae and biofuels production. pp. 1–69. In: Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. SpringerBriefs
in Microbiology. Springer Berlin.
Hackett, J.D., D.M. Anderson, D.L. Erdne and D. Bhattacharya. 2004. Dinoflagellates: a remarkable evolutionay experiment.
Am. J. Bot. 91: 1523–1534.
Haefner, B. 2003. Drugs from the deep: marine natural products as drug candidates. Drug Discov. Today. 8: 536–544.
Hallegraeff, G. M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32: 79–99.
Hallegraeff, G. M.2003. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. pp. 25–45. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson and
A.D. Cembella (eds.). Manual of Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing, Landais.
Han, M., H. Lee, D.M. Anderson and B. Kim. 2016. Paralytic shellfish toxin production by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium
pacificum (Chinhae Bay, Korea) in axenic, nutrient-limited chemostat cultures and nutrient-enriched batch cultures.
Mar. Pollut. Bull. 104: 34–43.
Hardison, D.R., W.G. Sunda, D. Shea and R.W. Litaker. 2013. Increased toxicity of Karenia brevis during phosphate limited
growth: ecological and evolutionary implications. PLoS One 8: 1–15.
Harlow, L.D., A. Koutoulis and G.M. Hallegraeff. 2007. S-adenosylmethionine synthetase genes from eleven marine
dinoflagellates. Phycologia 46: 46–53.
Hickman, C.P., L.S. Roberts, A.L. Larson and H.l’Anson. 2008. Protozoan Groups. In: Hickman, S., Larry Roberts, L. Allan
and H.I. Larson (eds.). Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hodgkiss, I.J. and K.C. Ho. 1997. Are changes in N:P ratios in coastal waters the key to increased red tide blooms? Hydrobiologia
352: 141–147.
Hu, H., W. Chen, Y. Shi and C. Wei. 2006. Nitrate and phosphate supplementation to increase toxin production by the marine
dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Mar. Pollut. Boll. 52: 756–760.
Hu, W., C. Berdugo and J.J. Chalmers. 2011. The potential of hydrodynamic damage to animal cells of industrial relevance:
current understanding. Cytotechnology 63: 445–60.
Hu, W., R. Gladue, J. Hansen, C. Wojnar and J.J. Chalmers. 2007. The sensitivity of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii
to transient hydrodynamic forces and cell-bubble interactions. Biotechnol. Prog. 23: 1355–1362.
Jaeckisch, N., I. Yang, S. Wohlrab, G. Glöckner, J. Kroymann, H. Vogel, A. Cembella and U. John. 2011. Comparative genomic
and transcriptomic characterization of the toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. PLoS One 6: 1–15.
Jaouen, P., L. Vandanjon and F. Quéméneur. 1999. The shear stress of microalgal cell suspensions (Tetraselmis suecica) in
tangential flow filtration systems: the role of pumps. Bioresour. Technol. 68: 149–154.
Jauffrais, T., J. Kilcoyne, V. Séchet, C. Herrenknecht, P. Truquet, F. Hervé, J. B. Bérard, Cíara Nulty, S. Taylor, U. Tillmann,
C. O. Miles and P. Hess. 2012. Production and isolation of azaspiracid-1 and -2 from Azadinium spinosum culture in
pilot scale photobioreactors. Mar. Drugs 10: 1360–1382.
John, E.H. and K.J. Flynn. 2000. Growth dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae): the effect of
changing N:P supply ratios on internal toxin and nutrient levels. Eur. J. Phycol. 35: 11–23.
John, U., M.A. Quilliam, L. Medlin and A.D. Cembella. 2001. Spirolide production and photoperiod-dependent growth of
the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. pp. 299–302. In: G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch and
R.J. Lewis (eds.). Harmful Algal Bloom 2000. International Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), Paris.
Joseph, A. 2016. Oceans: Abode of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biotoxins. pp. 493–554. In: A. Joseph (ed.). Investigating
Seafloors and Oceans. Candice Janco, Goa.
Juhl, A.R., V.L. Trainer and M.I. Latz. 2001. Effect of fluid shear and irradiance on population growth and cellular toxin
content of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 758–764.
Kamat, P.K., S. Rai and C. Nath. 2013. Okadaic acid induced neurotoxicity: An emerging tool to study Alzheimer’s disease
pathology. Neurotoxicology 37: 163–172.
Kellmann, R., A. Stüken, R.J.S. Orr, H.M. Svendsen and K.S. Jakobsen. 2010. Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of
polyketides in marine dinoflagellates. Mar. Drugs 8: 1011–1048.
Kibler, S.R., R.W. Litaker, W.C. Holland, M.W. Vandersea and P.A. Tester. 2012. Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae)
species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance. Harmful Algae 19: 1–14.
Kita, M., N. Ohishi, K. Washida, M. Kondo, T. Koyama, K. Yamada and D. Uemura. 2005. Symbioimine and neosymbioimine,
amphoteric iminium metabolites from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13:
5253–5258.
Kobayashi, J. and M. Tsuda. 2004. Amphidinolides, bioactive macrolides from symbiotic marine dinoflagellates. Nat. Prod.
Rep. 21: 77–93.
Kohane, D.S., N.T. Lu, A.C. Gökgöl-Kline, M. Shubina, Y. Kuang, S. Hall, G.R. Strichartz and C.B. Berde. 2000. The local
anesthetic properties and toxicity of saxitonin homologues for rat sciatic nerve block in vivo. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med.
25: 52–59.
Kumar, K., C. Nag, B. Nayak, P. Lindblad and D. Das. 2011. Development of suitable photobioreactors for CO 2 sequestration
addressing global warming using green algae and cyanobacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 4945–4953.