230 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Duncan, K.G., J.L. Duncan and D.M. Schwartz. 2001. Saxitoxin: an anesthetic of the deepithelialized rabbit cornea. Cornea
20: 639–642.
Erga, S.R., C.D. Olseng and L.H. Aarø. 2015. Growth and diel vertical migration patterns of the toxic dinoflagellate
Protoceratium reticulatum in a water column with salinity stratification: The role of bioconvection and light. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser. 539:47–64.
Etheridge, S.M. and C.S. Roesler. 2005. Effects of temperature, irradiance, and salinity on photosynthesis, growth rates, total
toxicity, and toxin composition for Alexandrium fundyense isolates from the Gulf of maine and Bay of fundy. Deep.
Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 52: 2491–2500.
Faust, M.A. 1990. Morphologic details of six benthic species of Prorocentrum (Pyrrophyta) from a mangrove island, twin
cays, Belize, including two new species. J. Phycol. 26: 548–558.
Faust, M.A. 1991. Morphology of Ciguatera-causing Prorocentrum lima (pyrrophyta) from widely differing sites. J. Phycol.
27: 642–648.
Fensome, R.A., R.A. MacRae and G.L. Williams. 1995. Dinoflagellate evolution and diversity through time. Mar Micropaleontol.
4: 1–12.
Fensome, R.A., J.F. Saldarriaga and T. Fensome. 1999. Dinoflagellate phylogeny revisited: reconciling morphological and
molecular based phylogenies. Grana. 38: 66–80.
Fleming, L.E., B. Kirkpatrick, L.C. Backer, J.A. Bean, A. Wanner, A. Reich, J. Zaias, Y.S. Cheng, R. Pierce, J. Naar,
W.M. Abraham and D.G. Baden. 2007. Aerosolized red-tide toxins (brevetoxins) and asthma. Chest. 131: 187–94.
Flewelling, L.J., J.P. Naar, J.P. Abbott, D.G. Baden, N.B. Barros, G.D. Bossart, M.Y.D. Bottein, D.G. Hammond,
E.M. Haubold, C.A. Heil, M.S. Henry, H.M. Jacocks, T.A. Leighfield, R.H. Pierce, T.D. Pitchford, S.A. Rommel,
P.S. Scott, K.A. Steidinger, E.W. Truby, F.M.V. Dolah and J.H. Landsberg. 2005. Brevetoxicosis: red tides and marine
mammal mortalities. Nature 435: 755–756.
Frangópulos, M., C. Guisande, E. deBlas and I. Maneiro. 2004. Toxin production and competitive abilities under phosphorus
limitation of Alexandrium species. Harmful Algae 3: 131–139.
Fuentes-Grünewald, C., C. Bayliss, F. Fonlut and E. Chapuli. 2016. Long-term dinoflagellate culture performance in a
commercial photobioreactor: Amphidinium carterae case. Bioresour. Technol. 218: 533–540.
Fuentes-Grünewald, C., E. Garcés, E. Alacid, S. Rossi and J. Camp. 2013. Biomass and lipid production of dinoflagellates
and raphidophytes in indoor and outdoor photobioreactors. Mar. Biotechnol. 15: 37–47.
Fuwa, H., N. Kainuma, K. Tachibana and M. Sasaki. 2002. Total Synthesis of (−)-Gambierol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:
14983–14992.
Gaines, G. and M. Elbrachter. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. pp. 224–247. In: F.J.R. Taylor (ed.). The Biology of Dinoflagellates,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, M.C. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. GrimaMolina. 2007a. Biotechnological significance of toxic marine dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 176–194.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, M.C. García-Cerón, E.H. Belarbi and E. Molina-Grima.
2007b. Determination of shear stress thresholds in toxic dinoflagellates cultured in shaken flasks Implications in bioprocess
engineering. Process Biochem. 42: 1506–1515.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2011.
Photobioreactor scale-up for a shear-sensitive dinoflagellate microalga. Process Biochem. 46: 936–944.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, M.C. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. MolinaGrima. 2009. Causes of shear sensitivity of the toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. Biotechnol. Prog. 25:
792–800.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, M. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi and E. Molina-Grima. 2010.
Culture of dinoflagellates in a fed-batch and continuous stirred-tank photobioreactors: Growth, oxidative stress and toxin
production. Process Biochem. 45: 660–666.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez Mirón, F. García Camacho, M.C. Cerón García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. Molina
Grima. 2011. Carboxymethyl cellulose and Pluronic F68 protect the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum against
shear-associated damage. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 34: 3–12.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., F. García-Camacho, A. Sánchez-Mirón, L. López-Rosales, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2012a.
Shear-induced changes in membrane fluidity during culture of a fragile dinoflagellate microalga. Biotechnol. Prog. 28:
467–473.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, L. López-rosales, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2012b.
Bioactives from microalgal dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1673–1684.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., L. López-Rosales, A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho and E. Molina-Grima. 2015. New insights
into shear-sensitivity in dinoflagellate microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 200: 699–705.
Garrido, R., N. Lagos, K. Lattes, M. Abedrapo, G. Bocic, A. Cuneo, H. Chiong, J. Christian, R. Azolas, A. Henriquez and
C. Garcia. 2005. Gonyautoxin: New treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures. Dis. Colon Rectum. 48: 335–340.
Gawley, R.E., K.S. Rein, G. Jeglitsch, D.J. Adams, E.A. Theodorakis, J. Tiebes, K.C. Nicolaou and D.G. Baden. 1995. The
relationship of brevetoxin ‘length’ and A-ring functionality to binding and activity in neuronal sodium channels. Chem.
Biol. 2: 533–541.
Glaser, K.B. and A.S. Mayer. 2009. A renaissance in marine pharmacology: From preclinical curiosity to clinical reality.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 78: 440–448.
Duncan, K.G., J.L. Duncan and D.M. Schwartz. 2001. Saxitoxin: an anesthetic of the deepithelialized rabbit cornea. Cornea
20: 639–642.
Erga, S.R., C.D. Olseng and L.H. Aarø. 2015. Growth and diel vertical migration patterns of the toxic dinoflagellate
Protoceratium reticulatum in a water column with salinity stratification: The role of bioconvection and light. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser. 539:47–64.
Etheridge, S.M. and C.S. Roesler. 2005. Effects of temperature, irradiance, and salinity on photosynthesis, growth rates, total
toxicity, and toxin composition for Alexandrium fundyense isolates from the Gulf of maine and Bay of fundy. Deep.
Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 52: 2491–2500.
Faust, M.A. 1990. Morphologic details of six benthic species of Prorocentrum (Pyrrophyta) from a mangrove island, twin
cays, Belize, including two new species. J. Phycol. 26: 548–558.
Faust, M.A. 1991. Morphology of Ciguatera-causing Prorocentrum lima (pyrrophyta) from widely differing sites. J. Phycol.
27: 642–648.
Fensome, R.A., R.A. MacRae and G.L. Williams. 1995. Dinoflagellate evolution and diversity through time. Mar Micropaleontol.
4: 1–12.
Fensome, R.A., J.F. Saldarriaga and T. Fensome. 1999. Dinoflagellate phylogeny revisited: reconciling morphological and
molecular based phylogenies. Grana. 38: 66–80.
Fleming, L.E., B. Kirkpatrick, L.C. Backer, J.A. Bean, A. Wanner, A. Reich, J. Zaias, Y.S. Cheng, R. Pierce, J. Naar,
W.M. Abraham and D.G. Baden. 2007. Aerosolized red-tide toxins (brevetoxins) and asthma. Chest. 131: 187–94.
Flewelling, L.J., J.P. Naar, J.P. Abbott, D.G. Baden, N.B. Barros, G.D. Bossart, M.Y.D. Bottein, D.G. Hammond,
E.M. Haubold, C.A. Heil, M.S. Henry, H.M. Jacocks, T.A. Leighfield, R.H. Pierce, T.D. Pitchford, S.A. Rommel,
P.S. Scott, K.A. Steidinger, E.W. Truby, F.M.V. Dolah and J.H. Landsberg. 2005. Brevetoxicosis: red tides and marine
mammal mortalities. Nature 435: 755–756.
Frangópulos, M., C. Guisande, E. deBlas and I. Maneiro. 2004. Toxin production and competitive abilities under phosphorus
limitation of Alexandrium species. Harmful Algae 3: 131–139.
Fuentes-Grünewald, C., C. Bayliss, F. Fonlut and E. Chapuli. 2016. Long-term dinoflagellate culture performance in a
commercial photobioreactor: Amphidinium carterae case. Bioresour. Technol. 218: 533–540.
Fuentes-Grünewald, C., E. Garcés, E. Alacid, S. Rossi and J. Camp. 2013. Biomass and lipid production of dinoflagellates
and raphidophytes in indoor and outdoor photobioreactors. Mar. Biotechnol. 15: 37–47.
Fuwa, H., N. Kainuma, K. Tachibana and M. Sasaki. 2002. Total Synthesis of (−)-Gambierol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:
14983–14992.
Gaines, G. and M. Elbrachter. 1987. Heterotrophic nutrition. pp. 224–247. In: F.J.R. Taylor (ed.). The Biology of Dinoflagellates,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, M.C. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. GrimaMolina. 2007a. Biotechnological significance of toxic marine dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 176–194.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, M.C. García-Cerón, E.H. Belarbi and E. Molina-Grima.
2007b. Determination of shear stress thresholds in toxic dinoflagellates cultured in shaken flasks Implications in bioprocess
engineering. Process Biochem. 42: 1506–1515.
García-Camacho, F., J.J. Gallardo-Rodríguez, A. Sánchez-Mirón, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2011.
Photobioreactor scale-up for a shear-sensitive dinoflagellate microalga. Process Biochem. 46: 936–944.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, M.C. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. MolinaGrima. 2009. Causes of shear sensitivity of the toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum. Biotechnol. Prog. 25:
792–800.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, M. Cerón-García, E.H. Belarbi and E. Molina-Grima. 2010.
Culture of dinoflagellates in a fed-batch and continuous stirred-tank photobioreactors: Growth, oxidative stress and toxin
production. Process Biochem. 45: 660–666.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez Mirón, F. García Camacho, M.C. Cerón García, E.H. Belarbi, Y. Chisti and E. Molina
Grima. 2011. Carboxymethyl cellulose and Pluronic F68 protect the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum against
shear-associated damage. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 34: 3–12.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., F. García-Camacho, A. Sánchez-Mirón, L. López-Rosales, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2012a.
Shear-induced changes in membrane fluidity during culture of a fragile dinoflagellate microalga. Biotechnol. Prog. 28:
467–473.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho, L. López-rosales, Y. Chisti and E. Molina-Grima. 2012b.
Bioactives from microalgal dinoflagellates. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1673–1684.
Gallardo-Rodríguez, J.J., L. López-Rosales, A. Sánchez-Mirón, F. García-Camacho and E. Molina-Grima. 2015. New insights
into shear-sensitivity in dinoflagellate microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 200: 699–705.
Garrido, R., N. Lagos, K. Lattes, M. Abedrapo, G. Bocic, A. Cuneo, H. Chiong, J. Christian, R. Azolas, A. Henriquez and
C. Garcia. 2005. Gonyautoxin: New treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures. Dis. Colon Rectum. 48: 335–340.
Gawley, R.E., K.S. Rein, G. Jeglitsch, D.J. Adams, E.A. Theodorakis, J. Tiebes, K.C. Nicolaou and D.G. Baden. 1995. The
relationship of brevetoxin ‘length’ and A-ring functionality to binding and activity in neuronal sodium channels. Chem.
Biol. 2: 533–541.
Glaser, K.B. and A.S. Mayer. 2009. A renaissance in marine pharmacology: From preclinical curiosity to clinical reality.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 78: 440–448.