Microalgae for Feed 175
Besides their high nutritional value, microalgae protein products benefiting from a nature-like image
are well positioned to enter the functional ingredients market and gain an important role in the raising
trend for the development of specialty feeds (Dias and Sendão unpublished data report).
References
Aaronson, S. and Z. Dubinsky. 1982. Mass production of microalgae. Experientia 38: 36–40.
Anonymous. 1985. NRC – National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. National Academy Press, Washington.
Anonymous. 2006. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (www.agriculture.alberta.ca, accessed on September 2012).
Anonymous. 2011. Standards Commission for straight feeding stuffs at the central committee of the German agriculture –
positive list for straight feeding stuffs 9th edition, March 2011.
Anonymous. 2012. Alltech Global Feed Survey, USA (www.alltech.com, accessed on September 2012).
Abril, R., J. Garrett, S.G. Zeller, W.J. Sander and R.W. Mast. 2003. Safety Assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from
Schizochytrium sp. Part V: target animal safety/toxicity study in growing swine. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
37: 73–82.
Azaza, M.S., F. Mensi, J. Ksouri, M.N. Dhraief, B. Brini, A. Abdelmouleh and M.M. Kraiem. 2008. Growth of Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed with diets containing graded levels of green algae ulva meal (Ulva rigida) reared in
geothermal waters of southern Tunisia. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24: 202–207.
Barsanti, L. and P. Gualtieri. 2006. Algae – Anatomy, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
USA.
Becker, E.W. 1986. Nutritional properties of microalgae: potentials and constrains. pp. 339–420. In: A. Richmond (ed.). CRC
Handbook of Microalgae Mass Culture. CRC Press, Florida.
Becker, E.W. 1994. Microalgae Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Becker, W. 2004. Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. pp. 312–351. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae
Culture - Biotechnology and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Becker, E.W. 2007. Microalgae as a source of protein. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 207–210.
Belay, A., T. Kato and Y. Ota. 1996. Spirulina (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement. J. Appl.
Phycol. 24: 202–207.
Bennedsen, M., X. Wang, R. Willén, T. Wadström and L.P. Andersen. 1999. Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with
antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes.
Immunol. Lett. 70: 185–189.
Carvalho, A.P. and F.X. Malcata. 2000. Effect of culture media on production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Pavlova
lutheri. Cryptogamie Algologie 21: 59–71.
Carvalho, A.P., C.M. Monteiro and F.X. Malcata. 2009. Simultaneous effect of irradiance and temperature on biochemical
composition of the microalga Pavlova lutheri. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 543–552.
Coffey, R. 2008. Digestive physiology of farm animals. Introduction to Animals and Food Sciences. University of Kentucky.
Cysewski, G.R. and R.T. Lorenz. 2004. Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products – species of
high potential: Haematococcus. pp. 281–288. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Culture - Biotechnology
and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
da Silva, R.L. and J.M. Barbosa. 2008. Seaweed meal as a protein source for the white shrimp Lipopenaeus vannamei. J.
Appl. Phycol. 21: 193–197.
Dias, J. and J. Sendão. 2011. (Unpublished data) Report on Microalgae Biomass co products: Prospective Analysis of Nutritional
Applications. Sparos Lda. and CRIA – University of Algarve.
EFSA http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/feed.htm (accessed on September 2012).
EFSA http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/291.htm (accessed on September 2012).
Fabregas, J and C. Herrero. 1985. Marine microalgae as a potential source of single cell protein (SCP). Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 23: 110–113.
FAO: The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp; a training manual. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab470e/
AB470E02.htm (accessed on November 2012).
Firman, J. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Chickens and Turkeys. University of Missouri. Department of Animal Sciences.
Freeman, S. 2003. Biological Science. Prentice Hall has offices worldwide and therefore it is not possible to indicate the
place of publication.
Ginzberg, A., M. Cohen, U.A. Sod-Mariah, S. Shany, A. Rosenshtrauch and S. Arad. 2000. Chickens fed with biomass of the
red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk.
J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 325–330.
Hu, Q. 2004. Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products – major industrial species: Arthrospira
(Spirulina) platensis. pp. 264–272. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Culture - Biotechnology and Applied
Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
IFIF - http://www.ifif.org/pages/t/The+global+feed+industry (accessed on September 2012).
IFFO – International Fishmeal and Fishoil Organization http://www.iffo.net (accessed on October 2012).
Latcscha, T. 1990. Carotenoids in Animal Nutrition. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Besides their high nutritional value, microalgae protein products benefiting from a nature-like image
are well positioned to enter the functional ingredients market and gain an important role in the raising
trend for the development of specialty feeds (Dias and Sendão unpublished data report).
References
Aaronson, S. and Z. Dubinsky. 1982. Mass production of microalgae. Experientia 38: 36–40.
Anonymous. 1985. NRC – National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. National Academy Press, Washington.
Anonymous. 2006. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development (www.agriculture.alberta.ca, accessed on September 2012).
Anonymous. 2011. Standards Commission for straight feeding stuffs at the central committee of the German agriculture –
positive list for straight feeding stuffs 9th edition, March 2011.
Anonymous. 2012. Alltech Global Feed Survey, USA (www.alltech.com, accessed on September 2012).
Abril, R., J. Garrett, S.G. Zeller, W.J. Sander and R.W. Mast. 2003. Safety Assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from
Schizochytrium sp. Part V: target animal safety/toxicity study in growing swine. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
37: 73–82.
Azaza, M.S., F. Mensi, J. Ksouri, M.N. Dhraief, B. Brini, A. Abdelmouleh and M.M. Kraiem. 2008. Growth of Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed with diets containing graded levels of green algae ulva meal (Ulva rigida) reared in
geothermal waters of southern Tunisia. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24: 202–207.
Barsanti, L. and P. Gualtieri. 2006. Algae – Anatomy, Biochemistry and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
USA.
Becker, E.W. 1986. Nutritional properties of microalgae: potentials and constrains. pp. 339–420. In: A. Richmond (ed.). CRC
Handbook of Microalgae Mass Culture. CRC Press, Florida.
Becker, E.W. 1994. Microalgae Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Becker, W. 2004. Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. pp. 312–351. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae
Culture - Biotechnology and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Becker, E.W. 2007. Microalgae as a source of protein. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 207–210.
Belay, A., T. Kato and Y. Ota. 1996. Spirulina (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement. J. Appl.
Phycol. 24: 202–207.
Bennedsen, M., X. Wang, R. Willén, T. Wadström and L.P. Andersen. 1999. Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with
antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes.
Immunol. Lett. 70: 185–189.
Carvalho, A.P. and F.X. Malcata. 2000. Effect of culture media on production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Pavlova
lutheri. Cryptogamie Algologie 21: 59–71.
Carvalho, A.P., C.M. Monteiro and F.X. Malcata. 2009. Simultaneous effect of irradiance and temperature on biochemical
composition of the microalga Pavlova lutheri. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 543–552.
Coffey, R. 2008. Digestive physiology of farm animals. Introduction to Animals and Food Sciences. University of Kentucky.
Cysewski, G.R. and R.T. Lorenz. 2004. Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products – species of
high potential: Haematococcus. pp. 281–288. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Culture - Biotechnology
and Applied Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
da Silva, R.L. and J.M. Barbosa. 2008. Seaweed meal as a protein source for the white shrimp Lipopenaeus vannamei. J.
Appl. Phycol. 21: 193–197.
Dias, J. and J. Sendão. 2011. (Unpublished data) Report on Microalgae Biomass co products: Prospective Analysis of Nutritional
Applications. Sparos Lda. and CRIA – University of Algarve.
EFSA http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/feed.htm (accessed on September 2012).
EFSA http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/291.htm (accessed on September 2012).
Fabregas, J and C. Herrero. 1985. Marine microalgae as a potential source of single cell protein (SCP). Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 23: 110–113.
FAO: The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp; a training manual. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab470e/
AB470E02.htm (accessed on November 2012).
Firman, J. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Chickens and Turkeys. University of Missouri. Department of Animal Sciences.
Freeman, S. 2003. Biological Science. Prentice Hall has offices worldwide and therefore it is not possible to indicate the
place of publication.
Ginzberg, A., M. Cohen, U.A. Sod-Mariah, S. Shany, A. Rosenshtrauch and S. Arad. 2000. Chickens fed with biomass of the
red microalga Porphyridium sp. have reduced blood cholesterol level and modified fatty acid composition in egg yolk.
J. Appl. Phycol. 12: 325–330.
Hu, Q. 2004. Industrial production of microalgal cell-mass and secondary products – major industrial species: Arthrospira
(Spirulina) platensis. pp. 264–272. In: A. Richmond (ed.). Handbook of Microalgae Culture - Biotechnology and Applied
Phycology. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
IFIF - http://www.ifif.org/pages/t/The+global+feed+industry (accessed on September 2012).
IFFO – International Fishmeal and Fishoil Organization http://www.iffo.net (accessed on October 2012).
Latcscha, T. 1990. Carotenoids in Animal Nutrition. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.