Marine Algal Bioactivities 143
Nara, T., Y. Kameib, A. Tsubouchia, T. Annouraa, K. Hirotaa, K. Iizumia, Y. Dohmotob, T. Onob and T. Aokia. 2005. Inhibitory
action of marine algae extracts on the Trypanosoma cruzi dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and on the protozoan
growth in mammalian cells. Parasitol. Int. 54: 59–64.
Natarajan, S., K.P. Shanmugiahthevar and P.D. Kasi. 2009. Cholinesterase inhibitors from Sargassum and Gracilaria gracilis:
seaweeds inhabiting South Indian coastal areas (Hare Island, Gulf of Mannar). Nat. Prod. Res. 23: 355–369.
Numata, A., S. Kambara, C. Takahashi, R. Fujiki, M. Yoneda, E. Fujita and Y. Nabeshima. 1991. Cytotoxic activity of marine
algae and a cytotoxic principle of the brown alga Sargassum tortile. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39: 2129–2131.
Ochi, M., H. Kotsuki, K. Muraoka and T. Tokoroyama. 1979. The structure of yahazunol, a new sesquiterpene-substituted
hydroquinone from the brown seaweed Dictyopteris undulata Okamura Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 52: 629–630.
Okai, Y. and K. Higashi-Okai. 1997. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of pheophytin a derived from edible green alga,
Enteromorpha prolifera (Sujiao-nori). Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 19: 355–358.
Orhan, I., B. Senera, T. Atıcıb, R. Brunc, R. Perozzod and D. Tasdemir. 2006. Turkish freshwater and marine macrophyte
extracts show in vitro antiprotozoal activity and inhibit FabI, a key enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum fatty acid
biosynthesis. Phytomedicine 13: 388–393.
Pacheco, F.C., J.A. Villa-Pulgarin, F. Mollinedo, M.N. Martín, J.J. Fernández and A.H. Daranas. 2011. New polyether
triterpenoids from Laurencia viridis and their biological evaluation. Mar. Drugs 9: 2220–2235.
Pangestuti, R. and S.-K. Kim. 2011. Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine
algae. J. Funct. Foods 3: 255–266.
Pardo, B., L. Paz-Ares, J. Tabernero, E. Ciruelos, M. García, R. Salazar, A. López, M. Blanco, A. Nieto, J. Jimeno, M.A.
Izquierdo and J.M. Trigo. 2008. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of kahalalide F administered weekly as a
1-hour infusion to patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 14: 1116–1123.
Parihar, M.S. and T. Hemnani. 2004. Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. J. Clin. Neurosci. 11:
456–467.
Paul, V.J. and W. Fenical. 1983. Isolation of halimedtrial: chemical defense adaptation in the calcareous reef-building alga
Halimeda. Science 221: 747–749.
Paul, Y.J. and W. Fenical. 1984. Novel bioactive diterpenoid metabolites from tropical marine algae of the genus Halimeda
(Chlorophyta). Tetrahedron 40: 3053–3062.
Pec, M.K., A. Aguirre, K. Moser-Thier, J.J. Fernández, M.L. Souto, J. Dorta, F. Diáz-González and J. Villar. 2003. Induction
of apoptosis in estrogen dependent and independent breast cancer cells by the marine terpenoid dehydrothyrsiferol.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 65: 1451–1461.
Pulz, O. and W. Gross. 2004. Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 65: 635–648.
Racchi, M., M. Mazzucchelli, E. Porrello, C. Lanni and S. Govoni. 2004. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: novel activities of
old molecules. Pharmacol. Res. 50: 441–451.
Rademaker-Lakhai, J.M., S. Horenblas, W. Meinhardt, E. Stokvis, T.M. de Reijke, J.M. Jimeno, L. Lopez-Lazaro, J.A. Lopez
Martin, J.H. Beijnen and J.H. Schellens. 2005. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of kahalalide F in patients
with advanced androgen refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 1854–1862.
Sabina, H., S. Tasneem, Y. Samreen, M. Kausar, M.I. Choudhary and R. Aliya. 2005. Antileishmanial activity in the crude
extract of various seaweed from coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 37: 163–168.
Sánchez, J.F., J.M. Fernández, F.G Acién, A. Rueda, J. Pérez-Parra and E. Molina. 2008. Influence of culture conditions on
the productivity and lutein content of the new strain Scenedesmus almeriensis. Proc. Biochem. 43: 398–405.
Sansom, C.E., L. Larsen, N.B. Perry, M.V. Berridge, E.W. Chia, J.L. Harper and V.L. Webb. 2007. An antiproliferative bisprenylated quinone from the New Zealand brown alga Perithalia capillaris. J. Nat. Prod. 70: 2042–2044.
Scheff, S.W., D.A. Price, F.A. Schmitt and E.J. Mufson. 2006. Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer’s disease and
mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 27: 1372–1384.
Schmidt,T.J., S.A. Khalid, A.J. Romanha, T.M.A. Alves, M.W. Biavatti, R. Brun, F.B. da Costa, S.L. de Castro, V.F. Ferreira,
M.V.G. de Lacerda, J.H.G. Lago, L.L. Leon, N.P. Lopes, R.C. das Neves Amorim, M. Niehues, I.V. Ogungbe, A.M.
Pohlit, M.T. Scotti, W.N. Setzer, M. de NC Soeiro, M. Steindel and A.G. Tempone. 2012a. The potential of secondary
metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - Part I. Curr. Med. Chem. 19: 2128–2175.
Schmidt,T.J., S.A. Khalid, A.J. Romanha, T.M.A. Alves, M.W. Biavatti, R. Brun, F.B. da Costa, S.L. de Castro, V.F. Ferreira,
M.V.G. de Lacerda, J.H.G. Lago, L.L. Leon, N.P. Lopes, R.C. das Neves Amorim, M. Niehues, I.V. Ogungbe, A.M.
Pohlit, M.T. Scotti, W.N. Setzer, M. de NC Soeiro, M. Steindel and A.G. Tempone. 2012b. The potential of secondary
metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - Part II. Curr. Med. Chem. 19: 2176–2228.
Selkoe, D.J. 2002. Alzheimer’s disease is a synaptic failure. Science 298: 789–791.
Sheu, J.H., G.H. Wang, P.J. Sung and C.Y. Duh. 1999. New cytotoxic oxygenated Fucosterols from the brown alga, Turbinaria
conoides. J. Nat. Prods. 62: 224–227.
Smit, A.J. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 245–262.
Souto, A.L., J.F. Tavares, M.S. da Silva, M.F.F.M. Diniz, P.F. de Athayde-Filho and J.M. Barbosa Filho. 2011. Anti-inflammatory
activity of alkaloids: an update from 2000 to 2010. Molecules 16: 8515–8534.
Souza, B.W.S., M.A. Cerqueira, A.I. Bourbon, A.C. Pinheiro, J.T. Martins, J.A. Teixeira, M.A. Coimbra and A.A. Vicente.
2012. Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria
birdiae. Food Hydrocolloids 27: 287–292.
Nara, T., Y. Kameib, A. Tsubouchia, T. Annouraa, K. Hirotaa, K. Iizumia, Y. Dohmotob, T. Onob and T. Aokia. 2005. Inhibitory
action of marine algae extracts on the Trypanosoma cruzi dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and on the protozoan
growth in mammalian cells. Parasitol. Int. 54: 59–64.
Natarajan, S., K.P. Shanmugiahthevar and P.D. Kasi. 2009. Cholinesterase inhibitors from Sargassum and Gracilaria gracilis:
seaweeds inhabiting South Indian coastal areas (Hare Island, Gulf of Mannar). Nat. Prod. Res. 23: 355–369.
Numata, A., S. Kambara, C. Takahashi, R. Fujiki, M. Yoneda, E. Fujita and Y. Nabeshima. 1991. Cytotoxic activity of marine
algae and a cytotoxic principle of the brown alga Sargassum tortile. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39: 2129–2131.
Ochi, M., H. Kotsuki, K. Muraoka and T. Tokoroyama. 1979. The structure of yahazunol, a new sesquiterpene-substituted
hydroquinone from the brown seaweed Dictyopteris undulata Okamura Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 52: 629–630.
Okai, Y. and K. Higashi-Okai. 1997. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of pheophytin a derived from edible green alga,
Enteromorpha prolifera (Sujiao-nori). Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 19: 355–358.
Orhan, I., B. Senera, T. Atıcıb, R. Brunc, R. Perozzod and D. Tasdemir. 2006. Turkish freshwater and marine macrophyte
extracts show in vitro antiprotozoal activity and inhibit FabI, a key enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum fatty acid
biosynthesis. Phytomedicine 13: 388–393.
Pacheco, F.C., J.A. Villa-Pulgarin, F. Mollinedo, M.N. Martín, J.J. Fernández and A.H. Daranas. 2011. New polyether
triterpenoids from Laurencia viridis and their biological evaluation. Mar. Drugs 9: 2220–2235.
Pangestuti, R. and S.-K. Kim. 2011. Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine
algae. J. Funct. Foods 3: 255–266.
Pardo, B., L. Paz-Ares, J. Tabernero, E. Ciruelos, M. García, R. Salazar, A. López, M. Blanco, A. Nieto, J. Jimeno, M.A.
Izquierdo and J.M. Trigo. 2008. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of kahalalide F administered weekly as a
1-hour infusion to patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 14: 1116–1123.
Parihar, M.S. and T. Hemnani. 2004. Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. J. Clin. Neurosci. 11:
456–467.
Paul, V.J. and W. Fenical. 1983. Isolation of halimedtrial: chemical defense adaptation in the calcareous reef-building alga
Halimeda. Science 221: 747–749.
Paul, Y.J. and W. Fenical. 1984. Novel bioactive diterpenoid metabolites from tropical marine algae of the genus Halimeda
(Chlorophyta). Tetrahedron 40: 3053–3062.
Pec, M.K., A. Aguirre, K. Moser-Thier, J.J. Fernández, M.L. Souto, J. Dorta, F. Diáz-González and J. Villar. 2003. Induction
of apoptosis in estrogen dependent and independent breast cancer cells by the marine terpenoid dehydrothyrsiferol.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 65: 1451–1461.
Pulz, O. and W. Gross. 2004. Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 65: 635–648.
Racchi, M., M. Mazzucchelli, E. Porrello, C. Lanni and S. Govoni. 2004. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: novel activities of
old molecules. Pharmacol. Res. 50: 441–451.
Rademaker-Lakhai, J.M., S. Horenblas, W. Meinhardt, E. Stokvis, T.M. de Reijke, J.M. Jimeno, L. Lopez-Lazaro, J.A. Lopez
Martin, J.H. Beijnen and J.H. Schellens. 2005. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of kahalalide F in patients
with advanced androgen refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 1854–1862.
Sabina, H., S. Tasneem, Y. Samreen, M. Kausar, M.I. Choudhary and R. Aliya. 2005. Antileishmanial activity in the crude
extract of various seaweed from coast of Karachi, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 37: 163–168.
Sánchez, J.F., J.M. Fernández, F.G Acién, A. Rueda, J. Pérez-Parra and E. Molina. 2008. Influence of culture conditions on
the productivity and lutein content of the new strain Scenedesmus almeriensis. Proc. Biochem. 43: 398–405.
Sansom, C.E., L. Larsen, N.B. Perry, M.V. Berridge, E.W. Chia, J.L. Harper and V.L. Webb. 2007. An antiproliferative bisprenylated quinone from the New Zealand brown alga Perithalia capillaris. J. Nat. Prod. 70: 2042–2044.
Scheff, S.W., D.A. Price, F.A. Schmitt and E.J. Mufson. 2006. Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer’s disease and
mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 27: 1372–1384.
Schmidt,T.J., S.A. Khalid, A.J. Romanha, T.M.A. Alves, M.W. Biavatti, R. Brun, F.B. da Costa, S.L. de Castro, V.F. Ferreira,
M.V.G. de Lacerda, J.H.G. Lago, L.L. Leon, N.P. Lopes, R.C. das Neves Amorim, M. Niehues, I.V. Ogungbe, A.M.
Pohlit, M.T. Scotti, W.N. Setzer, M. de NC Soeiro, M. Steindel and A.G. Tempone. 2012a. The potential of secondary
metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - Part I. Curr. Med. Chem. 19: 2128–2175.
Schmidt,T.J., S.A. Khalid, A.J. Romanha, T.M.A. Alves, M.W. Biavatti, R. Brun, F.B. da Costa, S.L. de Castro, V.F. Ferreira,
M.V.G. de Lacerda, J.H.G. Lago, L.L. Leon, N.P. Lopes, R.C. das Neves Amorim, M. Niehues, I.V. Ogungbe, A.M.
Pohlit, M.T. Scotti, W.N. Setzer, M. de NC Soeiro, M. Steindel and A.G. Tempone. 2012b. The potential of secondary
metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases - Part II. Curr. Med. Chem. 19: 2176–2228.
Selkoe, D.J. 2002. Alzheimer’s disease is a synaptic failure. Science 298: 789–791.
Sheu, J.H., G.H. Wang, P.J. Sung and C.Y. Duh. 1999. New cytotoxic oxygenated Fucosterols from the brown alga, Turbinaria
conoides. J. Nat. Prods. 62: 224–227.
Smit, A.J. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 245–262.
Souto, A.L., J.F. Tavares, M.S. da Silva, M.F.F.M. Diniz, P.F. de Athayde-Filho and J.M. Barbosa Filho. 2011. Anti-inflammatory
activity of alkaloids: an update from 2000 to 2010. Molecules 16: 8515–8534.
Souza, B.W.S., M.A. Cerqueira, A.I. Bourbon, A.C. Pinheiro, J.T. Martins, J.A. Teixeira, M.A. Coimbra and A.A. Vicente.
2012. Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria
birdiae. Food Hydrocolloids 27: 287–292.