112 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2009. Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine
microalgae for the production of biodiesel. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 559–567.
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2012. Disruption of microalgal cells for the extraction of lipids for biofuels: processes
and specific energy requirements. Biomass Bioenerg. 46: 89–101.
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2013. Force and energy requirement for microalgal cell disruption: an atomic force
microscope evaluation. Bioresour. Technol. 128: 199–206.
Lian, B., Y. Chen, J. Zhao, H.H. Teng, L. Zhu and S. Yuan. 2008. Microbial flocculation by Bacillus mucilaginous: Applications
and mechanisms. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 4825–4831.
Liang, K., Q. Zhang and W. Cong. 2012. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of lipid from microalgae. J. Agric. Food Chem.
60: 11771–11776.
Marchal, L., M. Mojaat-Guemir, A. Foucault and J. Pruvost. 2013. Centrifugal partition extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella
salina for efficient and biocompatible recovery of metabolites. Bioresour. Technol. 134: 396–400.
Markou G., I. Chatzipavlidis and D. Georgakakis. 2012. Carbohydrates production and bioflocculation characteristics in cultures
of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Improvements through phosphorus limitation process. Bioenerg. Res. 5: 915–925.
McMillan, J.R., I.A. Watson, M. Ali and W. Jaafar. 2013. Evaluation and comparison of algal cell disruption methods:
microwave, waterbath, blender, ultrasonic and laser treatment. Appl. Energ. 103: 128–134.
Mikulec J., G. Polakovičová and J. Cvengroš. 2015. Flocculation using polyacrylamide polymers for fresh microalgae. Chem.
Eng. Technol. 38(4): 595–601.
Minkova, K.M., A.A. Tchernov, M.I. Tchorbadjieva, S.T. Fournadjieva, R.E. Antova and M.Ch. Busheva. 2003. Purification
of C-phycocyanin from Spirullina (Arthrospira) fusiformis. J. Biotechnol. 102: 55–59.
Miranda, J.R., P.C. Passarinho and L. Gouveia. 2012. Pre-treatment optimization of Scenedesmus obliquus microalga for
bioethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 104: 342–348.
Mohn, F.H. 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass from mass cultures of microalgae. pp. 547–571.
In: G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder (eds.). Algae Biomass. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Mojaat, M., A. Foucault, J. Pruvost and J. Legrand. 2008. Optimal selection of organic solvents for biocompatible extraction
of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina. J. Biotechnol. 133: 433–441.
Molina Grima, E., E.-H. Belarbi, F.G.A. Fernández, A.R. Medina and Y. Chisti. 2003. Recovery of microalgal biomass and
metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol. Adv. 20: 491–515.
Monte, J., M. Sá, C.F. Galinha, L. Costa, H. Hoekstra, C. Brazinha and J.G. Crespo. 2018. Harvesting of Dunaliella salina
by membrane filtration at pilot scale. Sp. Purif. Technol. 190: 252–260.
Montero, O., M.D. Macías-Sánchez, C.M. Lama, L.M. Lubián, C. Mantell, M. Rodríguez and E.M. de la Ossa. 2005.
Supercritical CO 2 extraction of b-carotene from a marine strain of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus species. J. Agric.
Food Chem. 53: 9701–9707.
Moorthy, R.K., M. Premalatha and M. Arumugam. 2017. Batch sedimentation studies for freshwater green alga Scenedesmus
abundans using combination of flocculants. Front. Chem. 5: 37.
Ndikubwimana, T., X. Zeng, T. Murwarnashyaka, E. Manirafasha, N. He, W. Shao and Y. Lu. 2016. Harvesting of freshwater
microalgae with microbial bioflocculant: a pilot-scale study. Biotechnol. Biofuels 9: 47.
Neto, A.M.P., R.A.S. de Souza, A.D. Leon-Nino, J.A.A. da Costa, R.S. Tiburcio, T.A. Nunes, T.C.S. de Mello, F.T. Kanemoto,
F.M.P. Saldanha-Corrêa and S.M.F. Gianesella. 2013. Improvement in microalgae lipid extraction using a sonicationassisted method. Renew. Energ. 55: 525–531.
Nguyen, M.T., S.P. Choi, J. Lee, J.H. Lee and S.J. Sim. 2009. Hydrothermal acid pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
biomass for ethanol production. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19: 161–166.
Nowotarski, K.K.P.M., E.M. Joyce and T.J. Mason. 2012. Ultrasonic disruption of algae cells. AIP Conf. Proc. 1433: 237–240.
(doi: 10.1063/1.3703179).
Nurdogan, Y. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Tube settling of high-rate pond algae. Wat. Sci. Tech. 33: 229–241.
Pan, J.-L., H.-M. Wang, C.-Y. Chen and J.-S. Chang. 2012. Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by
supercritical carbon dioxide fluid with ethanol modifier. Eng. Life Sci. 12: 638–647.
Patil, P.D., V.G. Gude, A. Mannarswamy, S. Deng, P. Cooke, S. Munson-McGee, I. Rhodes, P. Lammers and N. Nirmalakhandan.
2011. Optimization of direct conversion of wet algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. Bioresour.
Technol. 102: 118–122.
Patil, P.D., V.G. Gude, A. Mannarswamy, P. Cooke, N. Nirmalakhandan, P. Lammers and S. Deng. 2012. Comparison of direct
transesterification of algal biomass under supercritical methanol and microwave irradiation conditions. Fuel 97: 822–831.
Pieber, S., S. Schober and M. Mittelbach. 2012. Pressurized fluid extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the microalga
Nannochloropsis oculata. Biomass Bioenerg. 47: 474–482.
Pranowo, R., D.J. Lee, J.C. Liu and J.S. Chang. 2013. Effect of O 3 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 on algae harvesting using chitosan. Wat. Sci.
Technol. 67: 1294–1301.
Rossignol, N., L. Vandanjon, P. Jaouen and F. Quéméneur. 1999. Membrane technology for the continuous separation microalgae/
culture medium : compared performances of cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Aquacult. Eng. 20: 191–208.
Ryckebosch, E., K. Muylaert and I. Foubert. 2012. Optimization of an analytical procedure for extraction of lipids from
microalgae. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 89: 189–198.
Salim, S., R. Bosma, M.H. Vermuë and R.H. Wijffels. 2011. Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. J. Appl. Phycol.
23: 849–855.
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2009. Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine
microalgae for the production of biodiesel. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 559–567.
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2012. Disruption of microalgal cells for the extraction of lipids for biofuels: processes
and specific energy requirements. Biomass Bioenerg. 46: 89–101.
Lee, A.K., D.M. Lewis and P.J. Ashman. 2013. Force and energy requirement for microalgal cell disruption: an atomic force
microscope evaluation. Bioresour. Technol. 128: 199–206.
Lian, B., Y. Chen, J. Zhao, H.H. Teng, L. Zhu and S. Yuan. 2008. Microbial flocculation by Bacillus mucilaginous: Applications
and mechanisms. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 4825–4831.
Liang, K., Q. Zhang and W. Cong. 2012. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of lipid from microalgae. J. Agric. Food Chem.
60: 11771–11776.
Marchal, L., M. Mojaat-Guemir, A. Foucault and J. Pruvost. 2013. Centrifugal partition extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella
salina for efficient and biocompatible recovery of metabolites. Bioresour. Technol. 134: 396–400.
Markou G., I. Chatzipavlidis and D. Georgakakis. 2012. Carbohydrates production and bioflocculation characteristics in cultures
of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Improvements through phosphorus limitation process. Bioenerg. Res. 5: 915–925.
McMillan, J.R., I.A. Watson, M. Ali and W. Jaafar. 2013. Evaluation and comparison of algal cell disruption methods:
microwave, waterbath, blender, ultrasonic and laser treatment. Appl. Energ. 103: 128–134.
Mikulec J., G. Polakovičová and J. Cvengroš. 2015. Flocculation using polyacrylamide polymers for fresh microalgae. Chem.
Eng. Technol. 38(4): 595–601.
Minkova, K.M., A.A. Tchernov, M.I. Tchorbadjieva, S.T. Fournadjieva, R.E. Antova and M.Ch. Busheva. 2003. Purification
of C-phycocyanin from Spirullina (Arthrospira) fusiformis. J. Biotechnol. 102: 55–59.
Miranda, J.R., P.C. Passarinho and L. Gouveia. 2012. Pre-treatment optimization of Scenedesmus obliquus microalga for
bioethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 104: 342–348.
Mohn, F.H. 1980. Experiences and strategies in the recovery of biomass from mass cultures of microalgae. pp. 547–571.
In: G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder (eds.). Algae Biomass. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Mojaat, M., A. Foucault, J. Pruvost and J. Legrand. 2008. Optimal selection of organic solvents for biocompatible extraction
of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina. J. Biotechnol. 133: 433–441.
Molina Grima, E., E.-H. Belarbi, F.G.A. Fernández, A.R. Medina and Y. Chisti. 2003. Recovery of microalgal biomass and
metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol. Adv. 20: 491–515.
Monte, J., M. Sá, C.F. Galinha, L. Costa, H. Hoekstra, C. Brazinha and J.G. Crespo. 2018. Harvesting of Dunaliella salina
by membrane filtration at pilot scale. Sp. Purif. Technol. 190: 252–260.
Montero, O., M.D. Macías-Sánchez, C.M. Lama, L.M. Lubián, C. Mantell, M. Rodríguez and E.M. de la Ossa. 2005.
Supercritical CO 2 extraction of b-carotene from a marine strain of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus species. J. Agric.
Food Chem. 53: 9701–9707.
Moorthy, R.K., M. Premalatha and M. Arumugam. 2017. Batch sedimentation studies for freshwater green alga Scenedesmus
abundans using combination of flocculants. Front. Chem. 5: 37.
Ndikubwimana, T., X. Zeng, T. Murwarnashyaka, E. Manirafasha, N. He, W. Shao and Y. Lu. 2016. Harvesting of freshwater
microalgae with microbial bioflocculant: a pilot-scale study. Biotechnol. Biofuels 9: 47.
Neto, A.M.P., R.A.S. de Souza, A.D. Leon-Nino, J.A.A. da Costa, R.S. Tiburcio, T.A. Nunes, T.C.S. de Mello, F.T. Kanemoto,
F.M.P. Saldanha-Corrêa and S.M.F. Gianesella. 2013. Improvement in microalgae lipid extraction using a sonicationassisted method. Renew. Energ. 55: 525–531.
Nguyen, M.T., S.P. Choi, J. Lee, J.H. Lee and S.J. Sim. 2009. Hydrothermal acid pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
biomass for ethanol production. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19: 161–166.
Nowotarski, K.K.P.M., E.M. Joyce and T.J. Mason. 2012. Ultrasonic disruption of algae cells. AIP Conf. Proc. 1433: 237–240.
(doi: 10.1063/1.3703179).
Nurdogan, Y. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Tube settling of high-rate pond algae. Wat. Sci. Tech. 33: 229–241.
Pan, J.-L., H.-M. Wang, C.-Y. Chen and J.-S. Chang. 2012. Extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis by
supercritical carbon dioxide fluid with ethanol modifier. Eng. Life Sci. 12: 638–647.
Patil, P.D., V.G. Gude, A. Mannarswamy, S. Deng, P. Cooke, S. Munson-McGee, I. Rhodes, P. Lammers and N. Nirmalakhandan.
2011. Optimization of direct conversion of wet algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. Bioresour.
Technol. 102: 118–122.
Patil, P.D., V.G. Gude, A. Mannarswamy, P. Cooke, N. Nirmalakhandan, P. Lammers and S. Deng. 2012. Comparison of direct
transesterification of algal biomass under supercritical methanol and microwave irradiation conditions. Fuel 97: 822–831.
Pieber, S., S. Schober and M. Mittelbach. 2012. Pressurized fluid extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the microalga
Nannochloropsis oculata. Biomass Bioenerg. 47: 474–482.
Pranowo, R., D.J. Lee, J.C. Liu and J.S. Chang. 2013. Effect of O 3 and O 3 /H 2 O 2 on algae harvesting using chitosan. Wat. Sci.
Technol. 67: 1294–1301.
Rossignol, N., L. Vandanjon, P. Jaouen and F. Quéméneur. 1999. Membrane technology for the continuous separation microalgae/
culture medium : compared performances of cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Aquacult. Eng. 20: 191–208.
Ryckebosch, E., K. Muylaert and I. Foubert. 2012. Optimization of an analytical procedure for extraction of lipids from
microalgae. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 89: 189–198.
Salim, S., R. Bosma, M.H. Vermuë and R.H. Wijffels. 2011. Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. J. Appl. Phycol.
23: 849–855.