Microalgal Downstream Processing: Harvesting, Drying, Extraction, Separation, and Purification 111
Fayad, N., T. Yehya, F. Audonnet and C. Vial. 2017. Harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using electro-coagulationflocculation in the batch mode. Algal Res. 25: 1–11.
Ficner, R., K. Lobeck, G. Scmidt and R. Huber. 1992. Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of
B-phycoerythrin from the red alga Porphyridium sordidum at 2.2 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 228: 935–950.
Frappart, M., A. Massé, M.Y. Jaffrin, J. Pruvost and P. Jaouen. 2011. Influence of hydrodynamics in tangential and dynamic
ultrafiltration systems for microalgae separation. Desalination 265: 279–283.
Fujii, K. 2012. Process integration of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and acid treatment for astaxanthin extraction
from a vegetative microalga. Food Bioprod. Process 90: 762–766.
Garzon-Sanabria, A.J., R.T. Davis and Z.L. Nikolov. 2012. Harvesting Nannochloris oculata by inorganic electrolyte
flocculation: effect of initial cell density, ionic strength, coagulant dosage and media pH. Bioresour. Technol. 118: 418–424.
Gerde, J.A., M. Montalbo-Lomboy, L. Yao, D. Grewell and T. Wong. 2012. Evaluation of microalgae cell disruption by
ultrasonic treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 125: 175–181.
Gerken, H.G., B. Donohoe and E.P. Knoshaug. 2013. Enzymatic cell wall degradation of Chlorella vulgaris and other microalgae
for biofuels production. Planta 237: 239–253.
Glembin, P., M. Kerner and I. Smirnova. 2013. Cloud point extraction of microalgae cultures. Sep. Purif. Technol. 103: 21–27.
Godos (de), I., H.O. Guzman, R. Soto, P.A. García-Encina, E. Becares, R. Muñoz and V.A. Vargas. 2011. Coagulation/floculationbased removal of algal-bacterial biomass from piggery wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 923–927.
Goiris, K., K. Muylaert, I. Fraeye, I. Foubert, J. De Brabanter and L. De Cooman. 2012. Antioxidant potential of microalgae
in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1477–1486.
Gouveia, L. and A.C. Oliveira. 2009. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
36: 269–274.
Granados, M.R., F.G. Acién, C. Gómez, J.M. Fernández-Sevilla and E. Molina Grima. 2012. Evaluation of flocculants for the
recovery of freshwater microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 118: 102–110.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lovitt and K.J. Flynn. 2010. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lowitt and K.J. Flynn. 2013. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Grierson, S., V. Strezov, S. Bray, R. Mummacari, L.T. Danh and N. Foster. 2012. Assessment of bio-oil extraction from
Tetraselmis chui microalgae comparing supercritical CO 2 , solvent extraction, and thermal processing. Energy Fuels
26: 248–255.
Griffiths, M.J., R.P. van Hille and S.T.L. Harrison. 2012. Lipid productivity, settling potential and fatty acid profile of 11
microalgal species grown under nitrogen replete and limited conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 989–1001.
Gudin, C. and C. Thepenier. 1986. Bioconversion of solar energy into organic chemicals by microalgae. Adv. Biotechnol.
Process 6: 73–110.
Guedes, A.M., H.M. Amaro and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds—A brief review
of recent work. Biotechnol. Prog. 27: 597–613.
Guedes, A.C., M.S. Gião, A.A. Matias, A.V.M. Nunes, M.E. Pintado, C.M.M. Duarte and F.X. Malcata. 2013. Supercritical
fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls a, b and c, from a wild strain of Scenedesmus obliquus for use in food
processing. J. Food Eng. 116: 478–482.
Halim, R., B. Gladman, M.K. Danquah and P.A. Webley. 2011. Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production.
Bioresour. Technol. 102: 178–185.
Halim, R., R. Harun, M.K. Danquah and P.A. Webley. 2012. Microalgal cell disruption for biofuel development. Appl. Energy
91: 116–121.
Hanotu, J., H.C. Hemaka Bandulasena and W.B. Zimmerman. 2012. Microflotation performance for algal separation.
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109: 1663–1673.
Harun, R. and M.K. Danquah. 2011. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Chem. Eng. J.
168: 1079–1084.
Horst, I., B.M. Parker, J.S. Dennis, C.J. Howe, S.A. Scott and A.G. Smith. 2012. Treatment of Phaeodactylum tricornutum
cells with papain facilitates lipid extraction. J. Biotechnol. 162: 40–49.
Kandasamy, G. and S.R.M. Saleh. 2017. Harvesting of microalga Nannochloropsis sp. by bioflocculation with mung bean
protein extract. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 182: 586–597.
Kim, S.M., S.-W. Kang, O.-N. Kwon, D. Chung and C.-H. Pan. 2012a. Fucoxanthin as a major carotenoid in Isochrysis aff.
galbana: characterization of extraction for commercial application. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 55: 477–483.
Kim, S.M., Y.-J. Yung, O.-N. Kwon, K.H. Cha, B.-H. Um, D. Chung and C.-H. Pan. 2012b. A potential commercial source of
fucoxanthin extracted from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 166: 1843–1855.
Koberg, M., M. Cohen, A. Ben-Amotz and A. Gedanken. 2011. Bio-diesel production directly from the microalgae biomass
of Nannochloropsis by microwave and ultrasound radiation. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 4265–4269.
Knuckey, R.M., M.R. Brown, R. Robert and D.M.F. Frampton. 2006. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation
and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacult. Eng. 35: 300–313.
Kurane, R., K. Toeeda, K. Takeda and T. Suzuki. 1986. Microbial flocculant. 2. Culture conditions for production of microbial
flocculant by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50: 2309–2313.
Latif, S. and F. Anwar. 2011. Aqueous enzymatic sesame oil and protein extraction. Food Chem. 125: 679–684.
Fayad, N., T. Yehya, F. Audonnet and C. Vial. 2017. Harvesting of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using electro-coagulationflocculation in the batch mode. Algal Res. 25: 1–11.
Ficner, R., K. Lobeck, G. Scmidt and R. Huber. 1992. Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of
B-phycoerythrin from the red alga Porphyridium sordidum at 2.2 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 228: 935–950.
Frappart, M., A. Massé, M.Y. Jaffrin, J. Pruvost and P. Jaouen. 2011. Influence of hydrodynamics in tangential and dynamic
ultrafiltration systems for microalgae separation. Desalination 265: 279–283.
Fujii, K. 2012. Process integration of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and acid treatment for astaxanthin extraction
from a vegetative microalga. Food Bioprod. Process 90: 762–766.
Garzon-Sanabria, A.J., R.T. Davis and Z.L. Nikolov. 2012. Harvesting Nannochloris oculata by inorganic electrolyte
flocculation: effect of initial cell density, ionic strength, coagulant dosage and media pH. Bioresour. Technol. 118: 418–424.
Gerde, J.A., M. Montalbo-Lomboy, L. Yao, D. Grewell and T. Wong. 2012. Evaluation of microalgae cell disruption by
ultrasonic treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 125: 175–181.
Gerken, H.G., B. Donohoe and E.P. Knoshaug. 2013. Enzymatic cell wall degradation of Chlorella vulgaris and other microalgae
for biofuels production. Planta 237: 239–253.
Glembin, P., M. Kerner and I. Smirnova. 2013. Cloud point extraction of microalgae cultures. Sep. Purif. Technol. 103: 21–27.
Godos (de), I., H.O. Guzman, R. Soto, P.A. García-Encina, E. Becares, R. Muñoz and V.A. Vargas. 2011. Coagulation/floculationbased removal of algal-bacterial biomass from piggery wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 923–927.
Goiris, K., K. Muylaert, I. Fraeye, I. Foubert, J. De Brabanter and L. De Cooman. 2012. Antioxidant potential of microalgae
in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1477–1486.
Gouveia, L. and A.C. Oliveira. 2009. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
36: 269–274.
Granados, M.R., F.G. Acién, C. Gómez, J.M. Fernández-Sevilla and E. Molina Grima. 2012. Evaluation of flocculants for the
recovery of freshwater microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 118: 102–110.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lovitt and K.J. Flynn. 2010. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Greenwell, H.C., L.M.L. Laurens, R.J. Shields, R.W. Lowitt and K.J. Flynn. 2013. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority
list: a review of the technological challenges. J. R. Soc. Interface 7: 703–726.
Grierson, S., V. Strezov, S. Bray, R. Mummacari, L.T. Danh and N. Foster. 2012. Assessment of bio-oil extraction from
Tetraselmis chui microalgae comparing supercritical CO 2 , solvent extraction, and thermal processing. Energy Fuels
26: 248–255.
Griffiths, M.J., R.P. van Hille and S.T.L. Harrison. 2012. Lipid productivity, settling potential and fatty acid profile of 11
microalgal species grown under nitrogen replete and limited conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 989–1001.
Gudin, C. and C. Thepenier. 1986. Bioconversion of solar energy into organic chemicals by microalgae. Adv. Biotechnol.
Process 6: 73–110.
Guedes, A.M., H.M. Amaro and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds—A brief review
of recent work. Biotechnol. Prog. 27: 597–613.
Guedes, A.C., M.S. Gião, A.A. Matias, A.V.M. Nunes, M.E. Pintado, C.M.M. Duarte and F.X. Malcata. 2013. Supercritical
fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls a, b and c, from a wild strain of Scenedesmus obliquus for use in food
processing. J. Food Eng. 116: 478–482.
Halim, R., B. Gladman, M.K. Danquah and P.A. Webley. 2011. Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production.
Bioresour. Technol. 102: 178–185.
Halim, R., R. Harun, M.K. Danquah and P.A. Webley. 2012. Microalgal cell disruption for biofuel development. Appl. Energy
91: 116–121.
Hanotu, J., H.C. Hemaka Bandulasena and W.B. Zimmerman. 2012. Microflotation performance for algal separation.
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109: 1663–1673.
Harun, R. and M.K. Danquah. 2011. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Chem. Eng. J.
168: 1079–1084.
Horst, I., B.M. Parker, J.S. Dennis, C.J. Howe, S.A. Scott and A.G. Smith. 2012. Treatment of Phaeodactylum tricornutum
cells with papain facilitates lipid extraction. J. Biotechnol. 162: 40–49.
Kandasamy, G. and S.R.M. Saleh. 2017. Harvesting of microalga Nannochloropsis sp. by bioflocculation with mung bean
protein extract. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 182: 586–597.
Kim, S.M., S.-W. Kang, O.-N. Kwon, D. Chung and C.-H. Pan. 2012a. Fucoxanthin as a major carotenoid in Isochrysis aff.
galbana: characterization of extraction for commercial application. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 55: 477–483.
Kim, S.M., Y.-J. Yung, O.-N. Kwon, K.H. Cha, B.-H. Um, D. Chung and C.-H. Pan. 2012b. A potential commercial source of
fucoxanthin extracted from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 166: 1843–1855.
Koberg, M., M. Cohen, A. Ben-Amotz and A. Gedanken. 2011. Bio-diesel production directly from the microalgae biomass
of Nannochloropsis by microwave and ultrasound radiation. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 4265–4269.
Knuckey, R.M., M.R. Brown, R. Robert and D.M.F. Frampton. 2006. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation
and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacult. Eng. 35: 300–313.
Kurane, R., K. Toeeda, K. Takeda and T. Suzuki. 1986. Microbial flocculant. 2. Culture conditions for production of microbial
flocculant by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50: 2309–2313.
Latif, S. and F. Anwar. 2011. Aqueous enzymatic sesame oil and protein extraction. Food Chem. 125: 679–684.