110 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Beach, E.S., M.J. Eckelman, Z. Cui, L. Brentner and J.B. Zimmerman. 2012. Preferential technological and life cycle
environmental performance of chitosan flocculation for harvesting of the green algae Neochloris oleoabundans. Bioresour.
Technol. 121: 445–449.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 26: 516–529.
Bilad, M.R., D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, K. Muylaert and I.F.J. Vankelecom. 2012. Harvesting microalgal biomass using
submerged microfiltration membranes. Bioresour. Technol. 111: 343–352.
Bilanovic, D. and G. Shelef. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers—Effects of medium salinity. Biomass
17: 65–76.
Biller, P., C. Friedman and A.B. Ross. 2013. Hydrothermal microwave processing of microalgae as a pre-treatment and
extraction technique for bio-fuels and bio-products. Bioresour. Technol. 136: 188–195.
Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.
Bosma, R., W.A. van Spronsen, J. Tramper and R.H. Wijffels. 2003. Ultrasound, a new separation technique to harvest
microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 15: 143–153.
Cerff, M., M. Morweiser, R. Dillschneider, A. Michel, K. Menzel and C. Posten. 2012. Harvesting fresh water and marine
algae by magnetic separation: screening of separation parameters and high gradient magnetic filtration. Bioresour.
Technol. 118: 289–295.
Chen, P., M. Min, Y. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Wan, Y. Cheng, S. Deng, K. Hennessy, X. Lin, Y. Liu,
Y. Wang, B. Martinez and R. Ruan. 2009. Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach.
Int. J. Agric. & Biol. Eng. 2: 1–30.
Chen, C.-R., S.-E. Hong, Y.-C. Wang, S.-L. Hsu, D. Hsiang and C.-M.J. Chang. 2012a. Preparation of highly pure zeaxanthin
particles from sea water-cultivated microalgae using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization. Bioresour. Technol.
104: 828–831.
Chen, F., Z. Liu, D. Li, C. Liu, P. Zheng and S. Chen. 2012b. Using ammonia for algae harvesting and as nutrient in subsequent
cultures. Bioresour. Technol. 121: 298–303.
Chen, J. and G. Pan. 2012c. Harmful algal blooms mitigation using clay/soil/sand modified with xanthan and calcium hydroxide.
J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1183–1189.
Chisti, Y. 2008. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 26: 126–131.
Cho, S.-C., W.-Y. Choi, S.-H. Oh, C.-G. Lee, Y.-C. Seo, J.-S. Kim, C.-H. Song, S.-Y. Lee, D.-H. Kang and H.-Y. Lee. 2012.
Enhancement of lipid extraction from marine microalga, Scenedesmus associated with high-pressure homogenization
process. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. Article ID 359432, doi: 10.1155/2012/359432.
Choi, S.K., J.Y. Lee, D.Y. Kwon and K.J. Cho. 2006. Settling characteristics of problem algae in the water treatment process.
Water Sci. Technol. 53: 113–119.
Christenson, L. and R. Sims. 2011. Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels and bioproducts.
Biotechnol. Adv. 29: 686–702.
Couto, R.M., P.C. Simões, A. Reis, T.L. Da Silva, V.H. Martins and Y. Sánchez-Vicente. 2010. Supercritical fluid extraction
of lipids from the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. Eng. Life Sci. 10: 158–164.
Crampon, C., A. Mouahid, S.A. Toudji, O. Lépine and E. Badens. 2013. Influence of pretreatment on supercritical CO 2
extraction from Nannochloropsis oculata. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 79: 337–344.
Csordas, A. and J.-K. Wang. 2004. An integrated photobioreactor and foam fractionation unit for the growth and harvest of
Chaetoceros spp. In open systems. Aquacult. Eng. 30: 15–30.
Danquah, M.K., L. Ang, N. Uduman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009a. Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel
production: exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84: 1078–1083.
Danquah, M.K., B. Gladman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009b. Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent
influence on dewatering efficiency. Chem. Eng. J. 151: 73–78.
Dassey, A.J. and C.S. Theegala. 2013. Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation
of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications. Bioresour. Technol. 128: 241–245.
Dejoye Tanzi, C., M. Abert Vian and F. Chemat. 2013. New procedure for extraction of algal lipids from wet biomass: A green
clean and scalable process. Bioresour. Technol. 134: 271–275.
Depraetere, O., G. Pierre, F. Deschoenmaeker, H. Badri, I. Foubert, N. Leys, G. Markou, R. Wattiez, P. Michaud and K. Muylaert.
2015. Harvesting carbohydrate-rich Arthrospira platensis by spontaneous settling. Bioresour. Technol. 180: 16–21.
Divakaran, R. and V.N.S. Pillai. 2002. Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 419–422.
Duan, J. and J. Gregory. 2003. Coagulation by hydrolyzing metals salts. Adv. Colloid Interfac. 100–102: 475–502.
Duerring, M., G.B. Schmidt and R. Huber. 1991. Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of
constitutive C-phycocyanin from the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon at 1.66 Å resolution.
J. Mol. Biol. 217: 577–592.
Elridge, R.J., D.R.A. Hill and B.R. Gladman. 2012. A comparative study of the coagulation behaviour of marine microalgae.
J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1667–1679.
Farid, M.S., A. Shariati, A. Badakhshan and B. Anvaripour. 2013. Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis
sp. Bioresour. Technol. 131: 555–559.
Farooq, W., Y.-C. Lee, J.-I. Han, C.H. Darpito, M. Choi and J.-W. Yang. 2013. Efficient microalgae harvesting by organobuilding blocks of nanoclays. Green Chem. 15: 749–755.
Beach, E.S., M.J. Eckelman, Z. Cui, L. Brentner and J.B. Zimmerman. 2012. Preferential technological and life cycle
environmental performance of chitosan flocculation for harvesting of the green algae Neochloris oleoabundans. Bioresour.
Technol. 121: 445–449.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 26: 516–529.
Bilad, M.R., D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, K. Muylaert and I.F.J. Vankelecom. 2012. Harvesting microalgal biomass using
submerged microfiltration membranes. Bioresour. Technol. 111: 343–352.
Bilanovic, D. and G. Shelef. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers—Effects of medium salinity. Biomass
17: 65–76.
Biller, P., C. Friedman and A.B. Ross. 2013. Hydrothermal microwave processing of microalgae as a pre-treatment and
extraction technique for bio-fuels and bio-products. Bioresour. Technol. 136: 188–195.
Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.
Bosma, R., W.A. van Spronsen, J. Tramper and R.H. Wijffels. 2003. Ultrasound, a new separation technique to harvest
microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 15: 143–153.
Cerff, M., M. Morweiser, R. Dillschneider, A. Michel, K. Menzel and C. Posten. 2012. Harvesting fresh water and marine
algae by magnetic separation: screening of separation parameters and high gradient magnetic filtration. Bioresour.
Technol. 118: 289–295.
Chen, P., M. Min, Y. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Wan, Y. Cheng, S. Deng, K. Hennessy, X. Lin, Y. Liu,
Y. Wang, B. Martinez and R. Ruan. 2009. Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach.
Int. J. Agric. & Biol. Eng. 2: 1–30.
Chen, C.-R., S.-E. Hong, Y.-C. Wang, S.-L. Hsu, D. Hsiang and C.-M.J. Chang. 2012a. Preparation of highly pure zeaxanthin
particles from sea water-cultivated microalgae using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization. Bioresour. Technol.
104: 828–831.
Chen, F., Z. Liu, D. Li, C. Liu, P. Zheng and S. Chen. 2012b. Using ammonia for algae harvesting and as nutrient in subsequent
cultures. Bioresour. Technol. 121: 298–303.
Chen, J. and G. Pan. 2012c. Harmful algal blooms mitigation using clay/soil/sand modified with xanthan and calcium hydroxide.
J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1183–1189.
Chisti, Y. 2008. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends Biotechnol. 26: 126–131.
Cho, S.-C., W.-Y. Choi, S.-H. Oh, C.-G. Lee, Y.-C. Seo, J.-S. Kim, C.-H. Song, S.-Y. Lee, D.-H. Kang and H.-Y. Lee. 2012.
Enhancement of lipid extraction from marine microalga, Scenedesmus associated with high-pressure homogenization
process. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. Article ID 359432, doi: 10.1155/2012/359432.
Choi, S.K., J.Y. Lee, D.Y. Kwon and K.J. Cho. 2006. Settling characteristics of problem algae in the water treatment process.
Water Sci. Technol. 53: 113–119.
Christenson, L. and R. Sims. 2011. Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels and bioproducts.
Biotechnol. Adv. 29: 686–702.
Couto, R.M., P.C. Simões, A. Reis, T.L. Da Silva, V.H. Martins and Y. Sánchez-Vicente. 2010. Supercritical fluid extraction
of lipids from the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. Eng. Life Sci. 10: 158–164.
Crampon, C., A. Mouahid, S.A. Toudji, O. Lépine and E. Badens. 2013. Influence of pretreatment on supercritical CO 2
extraction from Nannochloropsis oculata. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 79: 337–344.
Csordas, A. and J.-K. Wang. 2004. An integrated photobioreactor and foam fractionation unit for the growth and harvest of
Chaetoceros spp. In open systems. Aquacult. Eng. 30: 15–30.
Danquah, M.K., L. Ang, N. Uduman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009a. Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel
production: exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84: 1078–1083.
Danquah, M.K., B. Gladman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009b. Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent
influence on dewatering efficiency. Chem. Eng. J. 151: 73–78.
Dassey, A.J. and C.S. Theegala. 2013. Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation
of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications. Bioresour. Technol. 128: 241–245.
Dejoye Tanzi, C., M. Abert Vian and F. Chemat. 2013. New procedure for extraction of algal lipids from wet biomass: A green
clean and scalable process. Bioresour. Technol. 134: 271–275.
Depraetere, O., G. Pierre, F. Deschoenmaeker, H. Badri, I. Foubert, N. Leys, G. Markou, R. Wattiez, P. Michaud and K. Muylaert.
2015. Harvesting carbohydrate-rich Arthrospira platensis by spontaneous settling. Bioresour. Technol. 180: 16–21.
Divakaran, R. and V.N.S. Pillai. 2002. Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 419–422.
Duan, J. and J. Gregory. 2003. Coagulation by hydrolyzing metals salts. Adv. Colloid Interfac. 100–102: 475–502.
Duerring, M., G.B. Schmidt and R. Huber. 1991. Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of
constitutive C-phycocyanin from the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon at 1.66 Å resolution.
J. Mol. Biol. 217: 577–592.
Elridge, R.J., D.R.A. Hill and B.R. Gladman. 2012. A comparative study of the coagulation behaviour of marine microalgae.
J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1667–1679.
Farid, M.S., A. Shariati, A. Badakhshan and B. Anvaripour. 2013. Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis
sp. Bioresour. Technol. 131: 555–559.
Farooq, W., Y.-C. Lee, J.-I. Han, C.H. Darpito, M. Choi and J.-W. Yang. 2013. Efficient microalgae harvesting by organobuilding blocks of nanoclays. Green Chem. 15: 749–755.