Microalgal Downstream Processing: Harvesting, Drying, Extraction, Separation, and Purification 113
Samarasinghe, N., S. Fernando, R. Lacey and W.B. Faulkner. 2012. Algal cell rupture using high pressure homogenization as
a prelude to oil extraction. Renew. Energ. 48: 300–308.
Sánchez, Á., R. Maceiras, Á. Cancela and A. Pérez. 2013. Culture aspects of Isoschrysis galbana for biodiesel production.
Appl. Energy 101: 192–197.
Schlesinger, A., D. Eisenstadt, A. Bar-Gil, H. Carmely, S. Einbinder and J. Gressel. 2012. Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation
of microalgae contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1023–1030.
Schwenzfeier, A., P.A. Wierenga and H. Gruppen. 2011. Isolation and characterization of soluble protein from the green
microalgae Tetraselmis sp. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 9121–9127.
Shen, Y., Y. Cui and W. Yuan. 2013. Flocculation optimization of microalga Nannochloropsis oculata. Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol. 169: 2049–2063.
Sheng, J., R. Vannela and B.E. Rittmann. 2012. Disruption of Synechocystis PCC 6803 for lipid extraction. Water Sci. Technol.
65: 567–573.
Shih, I.L., Y.T. Van, L.C. Yeh, H.G. Lin and Y.N. Chang. 2001. Production of a biopolymer flocculant from Bacillus licheniformis
and its flocculation properties. Bioresour. Technol. 78: 267–272.
Şirin, S., R. Trobajo, C. Ibanez and J. Salvadó. 2012. Harvesting the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum with polyaluminium
chloride, aluminium sulphate, chitosan and alkalinity-induced flocculation. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1067–1080.
Şirin, S., E. Clavero and J. Salvadó. 2013. Potential pre-concentration methods for Nannochloropsis gaditana and a comparative
study of pre-concentrated sample properties. Bioresour. Technol. 132: 293–304.
Smith, B.T. and R.H. Davies. 2012. Sedimentation of algae flocculated using naturally-available magnesium-based flocculants.
Algal Res. 1: 32–39.
Spilling, K., J. Seppälä and T. Tamminen. 2011. Inducing autoflocculation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum through
CO 2 regulation. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 959–966.
Suh, H.-H., G.-S. Kwon, C.-H. Lee, H.-S. Kim, H.-M. Oh and B.-D. Yoon. 1997. Characterization of bioflocculant produced
by Bacillus sp. DP–152. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 84: 108–112.
Sukenik, A. and G. Shelef. 1984. Algal autoflocculation—Verification and proposed mechanism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26:
142–147.
Sukenik, A., W. Schröder, J. Lauer, G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder. 1985. Coprecipitation of microalgal biomass with calcium and
phosphate ions. Water Res. 19: 127–129.
Sukenik, A., D. Bilanovic and G. Shelef. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters. Biomass 15: 187–199.
Svarovsky, L.D. 1990. Solid Liquid Separation. 3rd Ed., Butterworth & Co., London, UK.
Talukder, Md.M.R., P. Das and J.C. Wu. 2012. Microalgae (Nannochloropsis salina) biomass to lactic acid and lipid. Biochem.
Eng. J. 68: 109–113.
Taniguchi, M., K. Kato, A. Shimauchi, P. Xu, H. Nakayama, K.I. Fujita, T. Tanaka, Y. Tarui and E. Hirasawa. 2005. Proposals
for wastewater treatment by applying flocculating activity of cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid. J. Biosci. Bioeng.
99: 245–251.
Taylor, R.L., J.D. Rand and G.S. Caldwell. 2012. Treatment with algae extracts promotes flocculation, and enhances growth
and neutrl lipid content in Nannochloropsis oculata—a candidate for biofuel production. Mar. Biotechnol. 14: 774–781.
Toeda, K. and R. Kurane. 1991. Microbial flocculant from Alcaligenes cupidus KT201. Agr. Biol. Chem. 55: 2793–2799.
Uduman, N., V. Bourniquel, M.K. Danquah and A.F.A. Hoadley. 2011. A parametric study of electrocoagulation as a recovery
process of marine microalgae for biodiesel production. Chem. Eng. J. 174: 249–257.
Ulloa, G., C. Coutens, M. Sánchez, J. Sineiro, J. Fábregas, F.J. Deive, A. Rodríguez and M.J. Núñez. 2012. On the double role
of surfactants as microalga cell lysis agents and antioxidants extractants. Green Chem. 14: 1044–1051.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert, B. Meeschaert and K. Muylaert. 2010. Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch. J. Appl.
Phycol. 22: 525–530.
Vandamme, D., S.C.V. Pontes, K. Goiris, I. Foubert, L.J.J. Pinoy and K. Muylaert. 2011. Evaluation of electro-coagulationflocculation for harvesting marine and freshwater microalgae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108: 2320–2329.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert, I. Fraeye, B. Meesschaert and K. Muylaert. 2012. Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by
high pH: Role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications. Bioresour. Technol. 105: 114–119.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert and K. Muylaert. 2013. Flocculation as a low cost method for harvesting microalgae for bulk
biomass production. Trends Biotechnol. 31: 233–239.
Wang, H., H.D. Laughinghouse IV, M.A. Anderson, F. Chen, E. Williams, A.R. Place, O. Zmora, Y. Zohar, T. Zheng and
R.T. Hill. 2012. Novel bacterial isolate from Permian groundwater, capable of aggregating potential biofuel-producing
microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78: 1445–1453.
Wu, J.-Y. and H.-F. Ye. 2007. Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer produced from a
Bacillus subtilis DYU1 isolate. Process Biochem. 42: 1114–1123.
Wu, T., X. Yan, X. Cai, S. Tan, H. Li, J. Liu and W. Yang. 2010. Removal of Chattonella marina with clay minerals modified
with a gemini surfactant. Appl. Clay Sci. 50: 604–607.
Wu, J.J., S.-E. Hong, Y.-C. Wang, S.-L. Hsu and C.-M.J. Chang. 2012a. Microalgae cultivation and purification of carotenoids
using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization of CO 2 + acetone solution. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 66: 333–341.
Wu, Z., Y. Zhu, W. Huang, C. Zhang, T. Li, Y. Zhang and A. Li. 2012b. Evaluation of flocculation induced by pH increase for
harvesting microalgae and reuse of flocculated medium. Bioresour. Technol. 110: 496–502.
Samarasinghe, N., S. Fernando, R. Lacey and W.B. Faulkner. 2012. Algal cell rupture using high pressure homogenization as
a prelude to oil extraction. Renew. Energ. 48: 300–308.
Sánchez, Á., R. Maceiras, Á. Cancela and A. Pérez. 2013. Culture aspects of Isoschrysis galbana for biodiesel production.
Appl. Energy 101: 192–197.
Schlesinger, A., D. Eisenstadt, A. Bar-Gil, H. Carmely, S. Einbinder and J. Gressel. 2012. Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation
of microalgae contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1023–1030.
Schwenzfeier, A., P.A. Wierenga and H. Gruppen. 2011. Isolation and characterization of soluble protein from the green
microalgae Tetraselmis sp. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 9121–9127.
Shen, Y., Y. Cui and W. Yuan. 2013. Flocculation optimization of microalga Nannochloropsis oculata. Appl. Biochem.
Biotechnol. 169: 2049–2063.
Sheng, J., R. Vannela and B.E. Rittmann. 2012. Disruption of Synechocystis PCC 6803 for lipid extraction. Water Sci. Technol.
65: 567–573.
Shih, I.L., Y.T. Van, L.C. Yeh, H.G. Lin and Y.N. Chang. 2001. Production of a biopolymer flocculant from Bacillus licheniformis
and its flocculation properties. Bioresour. Technol. 78: 267–272.
Şirin, S., R. Trobajo, C. Ibanez and J. Salvadó. 2012. Harvesting the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum with polyaluminium
chloride, aluminium sulphate, chitosan and alkalinity-induced flocculation. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 1067–1080.
Şirin, S., E. Clavero and J. Salvadó. 2013. Potential pre-concentration methods for Nannochloropsis gaditana and a comparative
study of pre-concentrated sample properties. Bioresour. Technol. 132: 293–304.
Smith, B.T. and R.H. Davies. 2012. Sedimentation of algae flocculated using naturally-available magnesium-based flocculants.
Algal Res. 1: 32–39.
Spilling, K., J. Seppälä and T. Tamminen. 2011. Inducing autoflocculation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum through
CO 2 regulation. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 959–966.
Suh, H.-H., G.-S. Kwon, C.-H. Lee, H.-S. Kim, H.-M. Oh and B.-D. Yoon. 1997. Characterization of bioflocculant produced
by Bacillus sp. DP–152. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 84: 108–112.
Sukenik, A. and G. Shelef. 1984. Algal autoflocculation—Verification and proposed mechanism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26:
142–147.
Sukenik, A., W. Schröder, J. Lauer, G. Shelef and C.J. Soeder. 1985. Coprecipitation of microalgal biomass with calcium and
phosphate ions. Water Res. 19: 127–129.
Sukenik, A., D. Bilanovic and G. Shelef. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters. Biomass 15: 187–199.
Svarovsky, L.D. 1990. Solid Liquid Separation. 3rd Ed., Butterworth & Co., London, UK.
Talukder, Md.M.R., P. Das and J.C. Wu. 2012. Microalgae (Nannochloropsis salina) biomass to lactic acid and lipid. Biochem.
Eng. J. 68: 109–113.
Taniguchi, M., K. Kato, A. Shimauchi, P. Xu, H. Nakayama, K.I. Fujita, T. Tanaka, Y. Tarui and E. Hirasawa. 2005. Proposals
for wastewater treatment by applying flocculating activity of cross-linked poly-gamma-glutamic acid. J. Biosci. Bioeng.
99: 245–251.
Taylor, R.L., J.D. Rand and G.S. Caldwell. 2012. Treatment with algae extracts promotes flocculation, and enhances growth
and neutrl lipid content in Nannochloropsis oculata—a candidate for biofuel production. Mar. Biotechnol. 14: 774–781.
Toeda, K. and R. Kurane. 1991. Microbial flocculant from Alcaligenes cupidus KT201. Agr. Biol. Chem. 55: 2793–2799.
Uduman, N., V. Bourniquel, M.K. Danquah and A.F.A. Hoadley. 2011. A parametric study of electrocoagulation as a recovery
process of marine microalgae for biodiesel production. Chem. Eng. J. 174: 249–257.
Ulloa, G., C. Coutens, M. Sánchez, J. Sineiro, J. Fábregas, F.J. Deive, A. Rodríguez and M.J. Núñez. 2012. On the double role
of surfactants as microalga cell lysis agents and antioxidants extractants. Green Chem. 14: 1044–1051.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert, B. Meeschaert and K. Muylaert. 2010. Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch. J. Appl.
Phycol. 22: 525–530.
Vandamme, D., S.C.V. Pontes, K. Goiris, I. Foubert, L.J.J. Pinoy and K. Muylaert. 2011. Evaluation of electro-coagulationflocculation for harvesting marine and freshwater microalgae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108: 2320–2329.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert, I. Fraeye, B. Meesschaert and K. Muylaert. 2012. Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris induced by
high pH: Role of magnesium and calcium and practical implications. Bioresour. Technol. 105: 114–119.
Vandamme, D., I. Foubert and K. Muylaert. 2013. Flocculation as a low cost method for harvesting microalgae for bulk
biomass production. Trends Biotechnol. 31: 233–239.
Wang, H., H.D. Laughinghouse IV, M.A. Anderson, F. Chen, E. Williams, A.R. Place, O. Zmora, Y. Zohar, T. Zheng and
R.T. Hill. 2012. Novel bacterial isolate from Permian groundwater, capable of aggregating potential biofuel-producing
microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78: 1445–1453.
Wu, J.-Y. and H.-F. Ye. 2007. Characterization and flocculating properties of an extracellular biopolymer produced from a
Bacillus subtilis DYU1 isolate. Process Biochem. 42: 1114–1123.
Wu, T., X. Yan, X. Cai, S. Tan, H. Li, J. Liu and W. Yang. 2010. Removal of Chattonella marina with clay minerals modified
with a gemini surfactant. Appl. Clay Sci. 50: 604–607.
Wu, J.J., S.-E. Hong, Y.-C. Wang, S.-L. Hsu and C.-M.J. Chang. 2012a. Microalgae cultivation and purification of carotenoids
using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization of CO 2 + acetone solution. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 66: 333–341.
Wu, Z., Y. Zhu, W. Huang, C. Zhang, T. Li, Y. Zhang and A. Li. 2012b. Evaluation of flocculation induced by pH increase for
harvesting microalgae and reuse of flocculated medium. Bioresour. Technol. 110: 496–502.