126
Air Pollution and Turbulence: Modeling and Applications
clouds over land: A single column model intercomparison study. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
130:3339–3364.
Lenschow, D. H. and P. L. Stephens. 1980. The role of thermals in the convective boundary
layer. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 19:509–532.
Lenschow, D. H., J. C. Wyngaard, and W. T. Pennell. 1980. Mean-fi eld and second-moment
budgets in a baroclinic, convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 37:1313–1326.
LeTreut, H. 1989. First Studies with a Prognostic Cloud Generation Scheme. ECMWF Tech.
Memo. 155, ECMWF. Reading. U.K., 32 pp.
LeTreut, H. and Z. X. Li. 1988. Using Meteosat to validate a prognostic cloud generation
scheme. Atmos. Res. 21:273–292.
Lilly, D. K. 1962. On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus. XIV:148–172.
Lilly, D. K. 1968. Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 94:292–309.
Lin, C. 1999. Some bulk properties of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cloud-resolving
model. Part II: Entrainment profi les. J. Atmos. Sci. 56:3376–1151.
Louis, J. F., M. Tiedtke, and J. F. Geleyn. 1982. A short history of the PBL parameterization at ECMWF. In Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Boundary-Layer
Parameterization. ECMWF, Reading, U.K., pp. 59–79.
Ma, C.-C., C. R. Mechoso, A.W. Robertson, and A. Arakawa. 1996. Peruvian stratus clouds
and the tropical Pacifi c circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate,
9:1635–1646.
Marshak, A., A. Davis, and W. Wiscombe. 1995. Radiation smoothing in fractal clouds.
J. Geophys. Res. 100:26247–26261.
Mellor, G. L. 1977. The Gaussian cloud model relations. J. Atmos. Sci. 34:356–358.
Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada. 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary
boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31:1791–1806.
Moeng, C.-H. 1984. A large-eddy simulation model for the study of the planetary boundarylayer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 41:2052–2062.
Moeng, C.-H. and P. P. Sullivan. 1994. A comparison of shear and buoyancy driven planetaryboundary-layer fl ows. J. Atmos. Sci. 51:999–1022.
Moeng, C.-H., W. R. Cotton, C. S. Bretherton, A. Chlond, M. H. Khairoutdinov, S. Krueger,
W. S. Lewellen, et al. 1996. Simulation of a stratocumulus-topped PBL: Intercomparison
among different numerical codes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77:261–278.
Monin, A. S. and A. M. Yaglom. 1971. Statistical Fluid Mechanics—Mechanics of Turbulence,
vol. I. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Neggers, R. A. J., A. P. Siebesma, G. Lenderink, and A. A. M. Holtslag. 2004. An evaluation
of mass fl ux closures for diurnal cycles of shallow cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev.
132:2525–2538.
Nicholls, S. 1989. The structure of radiatively driven convection in stratocumulus. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 115:487–511.
Nieuwstadt, F. T. M., P. J. Mason, C.-H Moeng, and U. Schumann. 1992. Large eddy simulation of the convective boundary layer: A comparison of four codes, In Turbulent Shear
Flows 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 343–367.
Nordeng, T. E. 1994. Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF
and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in tropics. Tech. Memo.
No 206. ECMWF. U.K.
Ooyama, V. K. 1971. A theory on parameterization of cumulus convection. J. Meteorol. Soc.
Jpn. 49:744–756.
Paluch, I. R. 1979. The entrainment mechanism in Colorado cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci.
36:2467–2478.
Philander, S. G. H., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.-C. Lau, T. Li, and R. C. Pawcanowski.
1996. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Climate. 9:2958–2972.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Air Pollution and Turbulence: Modeling and Applications
clouds over land: A single column model intercomparison study. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
130:3339–3364.
Lenschow, D. H. and P. L. Stephens. 1980. The role of thermals in the convective boundary
layer. Bound. Lay. Meteorol. 19:509–532.
Lenschow, D. H., J. C. Wyngaard, and W. T. Pennell. 1980. Mean-fi eld and second-moment
budgets in a baroclinic, convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 37:1313–1326.
LeTreut, H. 1989. First Studies with a Prognostic Cloud Generation Scheme. ECMWF Tech.
Memo. 155, ECMWF. Reading. U.K., 32 pp.
LeTreut, H. and Z. X. Li. 1988. Using Meteosat to validate a prognostic cloud generation
scheme. Atmos. Res. 21:273–292.
Lilly, D. K. 1962. On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus. XIV:148–172.
Lilly, D. K. 1968. Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 94:292–309.
Lin, C. 1999. Some bulk properties of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cloud-resolving
model. Part II: Entrainment profi les. J. Atmos. Sci. 56:3376–1151.
Louis, J. F., M. Tiedtke, and J. F. Geleyn. 1982. A short history of the PBL parameterization at ECMWF. In Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Boundary-Layer
Parameterization. ECMWF, Reading, U.K., pp. 59–79.
Ma, C.-C., C. R. Mechoso, A.W. Robertson, and A. Arakawa. 1996. Peruvian stratus clouds
and the tropical Pacifi c circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate,
9:1635–1646.
Marshak, A., A. Davis, and W. Wiscombe. 1995. Radiation smoothing in fractal clouds.
J. Geophys. Res. 100:26247–26261.
Mellor, G. L. 1977. The Gaussian cloud model relations. J. Atmos. Sci. 34:356–358.
Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada. 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary
boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31:1791–1806.
Moeng, C.-H. 1984. A large-eddy simulation model for the study of the planetary boundarylayer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 41:2052–2062.
Moeng, C.-H. and P. P. Sullivan. 1994. A comparison of shear and buoyancy driven planetaryboundary-layer fl ows. J. Atmos. Sci. 51:999–1022.
Moeng, C.-H., W. R. Cotton, C. S. Bretherton, A. Chlond, M. H. Khairoutdinov, S. Krueger,
W. S. Lewellen, et al. 1996. Simulation of a stratocumulus-topped PBL: Intercomparison
among different numerical codes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77:261–278.
Monin, A. S. and A. M. Yaglom. 1971. Statistical Fluid Mechanics—Mechanics of Turbulence,
vol. I. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Neggers, R. A. J., A. P. Siebesma, G. Lenderink, and A. A. M. Holtslag. 2004. An evaluation
of mass fl ux closures for diurnal cycles of shallow cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev.
132:2525–2538.
Nicholls, S. 1989. The structure of radiatively driven convection in stratocumulus. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 115:487–511.
Nieuwstadt, F. T. M., P. J. Mason, C.-H Moeng, and U. Schumann. 1992. Large eddy simulation of the convective boundary layer: A comparison of four codes, In Turbulent Shear
Flows 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 343–367.
Nordeng, T. E. 1994. Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF
and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in tropics. Tech. Memo.
No 206. ECMWF. U.K.
Ooyama, V. K. 1971. A theory on parameterization of cumulus convection. J. Meteorol. Soc.
Jpn. 49:744–756.
Paluch, I. R. 1979. The entrainment mechanism in Colorado cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci.
36:2467–2478.
Philander, S. G. H., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.-C. Lau, T. Li, and R. C. Pawcanowski.
1996. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Climate. 9:2958–2972.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC