natural and their contents are similar to other Mediterranean areas).
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.029.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly funded by the French program COMECOMMERMEX, supported by the Envi-Med project. It is dedicated to our
friend and colleague Cédric Garnier from PROTEE, codirector of the
program. The authors would like to thank CNRDPA, ENSSMAL and
CEREGE for their helps, respectively, during the preliminary phase of
samples treatment and trace metals analysis, and to express deep gratitude to the scientists and crew of the R/V BELKACEM GRINE for their
assistance during the sediment sampling.
References
Andrews, S., Sutherland, R.A., 2004. Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in Nuuanu watershed,
Oahu, Hawaii. Sci. Total Environ. 324, 173e182.
Bachouche, S., Houma, F., Gomiero, A., Belkessa, R., 2017. Distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in surface sediments and red mullet (Mullus
barbatus) from Algiers and Bou-Ismail Bay (Algeria). Environ. Model. Assess. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9550-x.
Bakalem, A., 2008. Les peuplements des sables fins de la côte Algérienne. Thèse de
Doctorat d'Etat. Université des sciences et de la technologie, Houari Boumediene,
faculté des sciences biologiques, Algérie, pp. 677.
Balls, P.W., Hull, S., Miller, B.S., Pirie, J.M., Proctor, W., 1997. Trace metal in Scottish
estuarine and coastal sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34, 42–50.
Barbier, F., 1999. Rétention du plomb II et du cadmium II par une barrière argileuse.
Transfert métalliques et influence de la complexation. (Thèse de doctorat de
l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon I., 129p).
Bastami, K.D., Bagheri, H., Haghparast, S., Soltani, F., Hamzehpoor, A., Bastami, M.D.,
2012. Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of selected heavy metals in the
surface sediments of the Gorgan Bay, Iran. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64, 2877–2884.
Belhadj H., Aubert D., Youcef N.D 2017. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in
sediments of Ghazaouet Bay (western Algeria): an assessment of metal pollution.
Compt. Rendus Geosci. 349, 412–421.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999. Canadian sediment quality
guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Arsenic. In: Canadian Environmental
Quality Guidelines, 1999. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg.
Carr, S.R., Chapman, D.C., Long, E.R., Windom, H.L., Thursby, G., Sloane, G.M., Wolfe,
D.A., 1996. Sediment quality assessment studies of Tampa bay, Florida. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 15 (7), 1218–1231.
Castel, J., Labourg, P.J., Escravage, V., Thimel, A., 1990. Distribution quantitative du
méo- et macro benthos dans des Lagunes mixohalines, influence du confinement Sur
le partage des ressources. Oceanol. Acta 13 (3), 349–359.
Çevik, F., Göksu, M.Z.L., Derici, O.B., Fındık, Ö., 2009. An assessment of metal pollution
in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation
index and statistical analyses. Environ. Monit. Assess. 152, 309–317.
Chakraborty, Parthasarathi, Raghunadh Babu, P.V., Sarma, V.V., 2012. A study of lead
and cadmium speciation in some estuarine and coastal sediments. Chem. Geol.
294–295 (2012), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.026.
Chakraborty, Parthasarathi, Ramteke, Darwin, Chakraborty, Sacharita, Nagender Nath,
B., 2014. Changes in metal contamination levels in estuarine sediments around India
– an assessment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 78 (2014), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.09.044.
Chen, C.W., Kao, C.M., Chen, C.F., 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals
in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66 (8), 1431–1440.
Dias De Alba, M., Galindo-Riano, M.D., Casanuueva-Marenco, M.J., Garcia-Vargas, M.,
Kosore, C.M., 2011. Assessment of the metal pollution, potential toxicity and
speciation of sediment from Algeciras Bay (South of Spain) using chemometric tools.
J. Hazard. Mater. 190, 177–187.
Dickinson, W.W., Dunbar, G.B., McLeod, H., 1996. Heavy metal history from cores in
Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Environ. Geol. 27, 59–69.
Din, T.B., 1992. Use of aluminium to normalize heavy metal data from estuarine and
coastal sediments of straits of Melaka. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24, 484–491.
Durrieu de Madron and MERMEX group, 2011. Marine ecosystems responses to climatic
and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean. Prog. Oceanogr. 91, 97–166.
Fang, T.H., Hong, E., 1999. Mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of trace
metals in surficial sediments off the southwestern Taiwan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38 (11),
1026–1037.
Farmer, J.G., 1991. The perturbation of historical pollution records in aquatic sediments.
Environ. Geochem. Health 13, 76–83.
Feng, H., Han, X., Zhang, W., Yu, L., 2004. A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to urbanization. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49,
910–915.
Grimes, S., 2003. Bilan et Diagnostic National de la pollution marine de la côte algérienne
liée à des activités menées à terre. In: Programme d'actions stratégiques (PAS) destiné
à combattre la pollution due à des activités menées à terre et de sa stratégie
opérationnelle. Final Report PAM/PAS MED/MEDPOL, pp. 119.
Grimes, S., 2005. Stratégie opérationnelle GIZC en Algérie. In: Rapport METAP/Banque
Mondiale/Mate.
Guevara, S.R., Rizzo, A., Sanchez, R., Arribere, M., 2005. Heavy metal inputs in northern
Patagonia lakes from short sediment core analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 265,
481–493.
Håkanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14, 975–1001.
Håkanson, L., Jansson, M., 1983. Principles of Lake Sedimentology. Springer Verlag,
Berlin.
Hamdoun, H., Van-Veen, E., Basset, B., Lemoine, M., Coggan, J., Leleyter, L., Baraud, F.,
2015. Characterization of harbor sediments from the English channel: assessment of
heavy metal enrichment, biological effect and mobility. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 90 (2015),
273–280.
Homady, M., Hussein, H., Jiries, A., Mahasneh, A., Al-Nasir, F., Khleifat, K., 2002. Survey
of some heavy metals in sediments from vehicular service stations in Jordan and their
effects on social aggression in prepubertal male mice. Environ. Res. A 89, 43–49.
Hornung, H., Karm, M.D., Cohen, Y., 1989. Trace metal distribution on sediments and
benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 29, 43–56.
Hu, B.Q., Li, J., Zhao, J.T., Yang, J., Bai, F.L., Dou, Y.G., 2013. Heavy metal in surface
sediments of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea: distribution, contamination, and sources.
Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 5071–5083.
Huerta-Diaz, M.A., Francisco, D.H., Martin, H.A., Jose, A.S.Z., Zaul, G.E., Hector, L.Z.,
Arturo, S.V., Salvador, G.B., 2008. Diagnosis of trace metal contamination in sediments: the example of Ensenada and El Sauzal, two harbors in Baja California,
Mexico. Mar. Environ. Res.
Pazi, Idil, 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Candarli gulf sediment,
Eastern Aegean Sea. Environ. Monit. Assess. 174, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10661-010-1450-3.
Inal, Ahmed, Fariza, Ounadi, Benyahia, Boudjellal, Mostefa, Boulahdid, 2014. Etude de la
contamination métallique des sédiments superficiels et profonds dans la baie de BouIsmail (Algérie). In: Bulletin de l'institut des sciences de la mer Numéro spécial (17)
2014. Acte: actes des XVII
ème Journées Tunisiennes des Sciences de la Mer et III
ème
rencontres tuniso-françaises d'ichtyologie (Mahdia 14-17 Décembre 2013).
Jamshidi, S., Bastami, K.D., 2016. Metal contamination and its ecological risk assessment
in the surface sediments of Anzali wetland, Caspian Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113 (1–2),
559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.049.
Kalnejais, L.H., Martin, W.R., Bothner, M.H., 2010. The release of dissolved nutrients and
metals from coastal sediments due to resuspension. Mar. Chem. 121 (1–4), 224–235.
Keresten, M., Smedes, F., 2001. Normalization procedures for sediment contaminants in
spatial and temporal trend monitoring. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 109–115.
Klavins, M., Briede, A., Rodinov, V., Kokorite, I., Parele, E., Klavina, I., 2000. Heavy
metals in rivers of Latvia. Sci. Total Environ. 262, 175–183.
Liu, W.X., Li, X.D., Shen, Z.G., Wang, D.C., Wai, O.W.H., Li, Y.S., 2003. Multivariate
statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the pearl river estuary.
Environ. Pollut. 121, 377–388.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., 1998. Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment
quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 4
(5), 1019–1039.
Long, E.R., Morgan, L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed
contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. In: NOAA Technical
Memorandum NOS OMA 52, Seattle, WA 175 pp & Appendices.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D., 1995a. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ. Manag. 19 (1), 81–97.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D., 1995b. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ. Manag. 19, 18–97.
Long, E.R., Macdonald, D.D., Severn, C.G., Hong, C.B., 2000. Classifying the probabilities
of acute toxicity in marine sediments with empirically derived sediment quality
guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (10), 2598–2601.
Mac Donald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G., Berger, T.A., 2000. Development and evaluation of
consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for fresh water ecosystems. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 20–31.
Masson, M., Blanc, G., Schäfer, J., 2006. Geochemical signals and source contributions to
heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) fluxes into the Gironde estuary via its major tributaries.
Sci. Total Environ. 370, 133–146.
Fig. 7. Contribution rate of every heavy metal to the total amount of toxic
units.
I. Ahmed et al.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 136 (2018) 322–333
332
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.029.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly funded by the French program COMECOMMERMEX, supported by the Envi-Med project. It is dedicated to our
friend and colleague Cédric Garnier from PROTEE, codirector of the
program. The authors would like to thank CNRDPA, ENSSMAL and
CEREGE for their helps, respectively, during the preliminary phase of
samples treatment and trace metals analysis, and to express deep gratitude to the scientists and crew of the R/V BELKACEM GRINE for their
assistance during the sediment sampling.
References
Andrews, S., Sutherland, R.A., 2004. Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in Nuuanu watershed,
Oahu, Hawaii. Sci. Total Environ. 324, 173e182.
Bachouche, S., Houma, F., Gomiero, A., Belkessa, R., 2017. Distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metal in surface sediments and red mullet (Mullus
barbatus) from Algiers and Bou-Ismail Bay (Algeria). Environ. Model. Assess. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9550-x.
Bakalem, A., 2008. Les peuplements des sables fins de la côte Algérienne. Thèse de
Doctorat d'Etat. Université des sciences et de la technologie, Houari Boumediene,
faculté des sciences biologiques, Algérie, pp. 677.
Balls, P.W., Hull, S., Miller, B.S., Pirie, J.M., Proctor, W., 1997. Trace metal in Scottish
estuarine and coastal sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34, 42–50.
Barbier, F., 1999. Rétention du plomb II et du cadmium II par une barrière argileuse.
Transfert métalliques et influence de la complexation. (Thèse de doctorat de
l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon I., 129p).
Bastami, K.D., Bagheri, H., Haghparast, S., Soltani, F., Hamzehpoor, A., Bastami, M.D.,
2012. Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of selected heavy metals in the
surface sediments of the Gorgan Bay, Iran. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 64, 2877–2884.
Belhadj H., Aubert D., Youcef N.D 2017. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in
sediments of Ghazaouet Bay (western Algeria): an assessment of metal pollution.
Compt. Rendus Geosci. 349, 412–421.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999. Canadian sediment quality
guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Arsenic. In: Canadian Environmental
Quality Guidelines, 1999. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,
Winnipeg.
Carr, S.R., Chapman, D.C., Long, E.R., Windom, H.L., Thursby, G., Sloane, G.M., Wolfe,
D.A., 1996. Sediment quality assessment studies of Tampa bay, Florida. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 15 (7), 1218–1231.
Castel, J., Labourg, P.J., Escravage, V., Thimel, A., 1990. Distribution quantitative du
méo- et macro benthos dans des Lagunes mixohalines, influence du confinement Sur
le partage des ressources. Oceanol. Acta 13 (3), 349–359.
Çevik, F., Göksu, M.Z.L., Derici, O.B., Fındık, Ö., 2009. An assessment of metal pollution
in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation
index and statistical analyses. Environ. Monit. Assess. 152, 309–317.
Chakraborty, Parthasarathi, Raghunadh Babu, P.V., Sarma, V.V., 2012. A study of lead
and cadmium speciation in some estuarine and coastal sediments. Chem. Geol.
294–295 (2012), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.026.
Chakraborty, Parthasarathi, Ramteke, Darwin, Chakraborty, Sacharita, Nagender Nath,
B., 2014. Changes in metal contamination levels in estuarine sediments around India
– an assessment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 78 (2014), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marpolbul.2013.09.044.
Chen, C.W., Kao, C.M., Chen, C.F., 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals
in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66 (8), 1431–1440.
Dias De Alba, M., Galindo-Riano, M.D., Casanuueva-Marenco, M.J., Garcia-Vargas, M.,
Kosore, C.M., 2011. Assessment of the metal pollution, potential toxicity and
speciation of sediment from Algeciras Bay (South of Spain) using chemometric tools.
J. Hazard. Mater. 190, 177–187.
Dickinson, W.W., Dunbar, G.B., McLeod, H., 1996. Heavy metal history from cores in
Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Environ. Geol. 27, 59–69.
Din, T.B., 1992. Use of aluminium to normalize heavy metal data from estuarine and
coastal sediments of straits of Melaka. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24, 484–491.
Durrieu de Madron and MERMEX group, 2011. Marine ecosystems responses to climatic
and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean. Prog. Oceanogr. 91, 97–166.
Fang, T.H., Hong, E., 1999. Mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of trace
metals in surficial sediments off the southwestern Taiwan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38 (11),
1026–1037.
Farmer, J.G., 1991. The perturbation of historical pollution records in aquatic sediments.
Environ. Geochem. Health 13, 76–83.
Feng, H., Han, X., Zhang, W., Yu, L., 2004. A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to urbanization. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49,
910–915.
Grimes, S., 2003. Bilan et Diagnostic National de la pollution marine de la côte algérienne
liée à des activités menées à terre. In: Programme d'actions stratégiques (PAS) destiné
à combattre la pollution due à des activités menées à terre et de sa stratégie
opérationnelle. Final Report PAM/PAS MED/MEDPOL, pp. 119.
Grimes, S., 2005. Stratégie opérationnelle GIZC en Algérie. In: Rapport METAP/Banque
Mondiale/Mate.
Guevara, S.R., Rizzo, A., Sanchez, R., Arribere, M., 2005. Heavy metal inputs in northern
Patagonia lakes from short sediment core analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 265,
481–493.
Håkanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14, 975–1001.
Håkanson, L., Jansson, M., 1983. Principles of Lake Sedimentology. Springer Verlag,
Berlin.
Hamdoun, H., Van-Veen, E., Basset, B., Lemoine, M., Coggan, J., Leleyter, L., Baraud, F.,
2015. Characterization of harbor sediments from the English channel: assessment of
heavy metal enrichment, biological effect and mobility. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 90 (2015),
273–280.
Homady, M., Hussein, H., Jiries, A., Mahasneh, A., Al-Nasir, F., Khleifat, K., 2002. Survey
of some heavy metals in sediments from vehicular service stations in Jordan and their
effects on social aggression in prepubertal male mice. Environ. Res. A 89, 43–49.
Hornung, H., Karm, M.D., Cohen, Y., 1989. Trace metal distribution on sediments and
benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 29, 43–56.
Hu, B.Q., Li, J., Zhao, J.T., Yang, J., Bai, F.L., Dou, Y.G., 2013. Heavy metal in surface
sediments of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea: distribution, contamination, and sources.
Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 5071–5083.
Huerta-Diaz, M.A., Francisco, D.H., Martin, H.A., Jose, A.S.Z., Zaul, G.E., Hector, L.Z.,
Arturo, S.V., Salvador, G.B., 2008. Diagnosis of trace metal contamination in sediments: the example of Ensenada and El Sauzal, two harbors in Baja California,
Mexico. Mar. Environ. Res.
Pazi, Idil, 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Candarli gulf sediment,
Eastern Aegean Sea. Environ. Monit. Assess. 174, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10661-010-1450-3.
Inal, Ahmed, Fariza, Ounadi, Benyahia, Boudjellal, Mostefa, Boulahdid, 2014. Etude de la
contamination métallique des sédiments superficiels et profonds dans la baie de BouIsmail (Algérie). In: Bulletin de l'institut des sciences de la mer Numéro spécial (17)
2014. Acte: actes des XVII
ème Journées Tunisiennes des Sciences de la Mer et III
ème
rencontres tuniso-françaises d'ichtyologie (Mahdia 14-17 Décembre 2013).
Jamshidi, S., Bastami, K.D., 2016. Metal contamination and its ecological risk assessment
in the surface sediments of Anzali wetland, Caspian Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113 (1–2),
559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.049.
Kalnejais, L.H., Martin, W.R., Bothner, M.H., 2010. The release of dissolved nutrients and
metals from coastal sediments due to resuspension. Mar. Chem. 121 (1–4), 224–235.
Keresten, M., Smedes, F., 2001. Normalization procedures for sediment contaminants in
spatial and temporal trend monitoring. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 109–115.
Klavins, M., Briede, A., Rodinov, V., Kokorite, I., Parele, E., Klavina, I., 2000. Heavy
metals in rivers of Latvia. Sci. Total Environ. 262, 175–183.
Liu, W.X., Li, X.D., Shen, Z.G., Wang, D.C., Wai, O.W.H., Li, Y.S., 2003. Multivariate
statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the pearl river estuary.
Environ. Pollut. 121, 377–388.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., 1998. Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment
quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 4
(5), 1019–1039.
Long, E.R., Morgan, L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed
contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. In: NOAA Technical
Memorandum NOS OMA 52, Seattle, WA 175 pp & Appendices.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D., 1995a. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ. Manag. 19 (1), 81–97.
Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., Calder, F.D., 1995b. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ. Manag. 19, 18–97.
Long, E.R., Macdonald, D.D., Severn, C.G., Hong, C.B., 2000. Classifying the probabilities
of acute toxicity in marine sediments with empirically derived sediment quality
guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (10), 2598–2601.
Mac Donald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G., Berger, T.A., 2000. Development and evaluation of
consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for fresh water ecosystems. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 20–31.
Masson, M., Blanc, G., Schäfer, J., 2006. Geochemical signals and source contributions to
heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) fluxes into the Gironde estuary via its major tributaries.
Sci. Total Environ. 370, 133–146.
Fig. 7. Contribution rate of every heavy metal to the total amount of toxic
units.
I. Ahmed et al.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 136 (2018) 322–333
332