Stream Temperature Response to Thermal Pollution
7
during a certain time period. This assumption leads to the division of the equation of heat
transfer in streams into two simultaneous equations, one describing the natural
temperature and the other depicting the steady decay of the thermal load. If the behavior
of the natural temperature is known, the entire computation is significantly simplified,
even when the thermal load to the stream is not at a steady state condition. It is
significant to note that costly and sometimes inaccurate measurements of cloud cover,
solar radiation, and humidity are not necessary inasmuch as the overall heat exchange
coefficient, K, is dependent only on wind velocity, stream surface velocity, air
temperature and, to a lesser extent, on the area of the water surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was partially supported by the Environmental Protection Agency, under
the auspices of the National Center for Research and Training in the Hydraulic and
Hydrologie Aspects of Water Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University and by
Vanderbilt University.
REFERENCES
1 ANON., "Water-Loss Investigations: Lake Hefner Studies, Technical Report", U.S. Geological
Survey Prof. Paper, 269 and 270, U.S. Govt., Washington, D.C., (1954).
2 EDINGER, J.E., and GEYER, J.C., "Heat Exchange in the Environment", Cooling Water Studies
for Edison Electric Institute, (1965).
3 HARBECK, G.E., Jr., "A Practical Field Technique for Measuring Reservoir Evaporation Utilizing
Mass-Transfer Theory", Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 272-E, U.S. Govt. (1962).
4 NOVOTNY, V., "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Streams", Thesis presented to Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, (August, 1971).
5 RAPHAEL, J.M., "Prediction of Temperature in Rivers and Reservoirs", Journal of the Power
Division, Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., No. P02, pp. 157-181.
6 NOVOTNY, V., and KRENKEL, P.A., "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Streams", Report Number 7,
of the National Center for Research and Training in the Hydrologie and Hydraulic Aspects of
Water Pollution Control.
7
during a certain time period. This assumption leads to the division of the equation of heat
transfer in streams into two simultaneous equations, one describing the natural
temperature and the other depicting the steady decay of the thermal load. If the behavior
of the natural temperature is known, the entire computation is significantly simplified,
even when the thermal load to the stream is not at a steady state condition. It is
significant to note that costly and sometimes inaccurate measurements of cloud cover,
solar radiation, and humidity are not necessary inasmuch as the overall heat exchange
coefficient, K, is dependent only on wind velocity, stream surface velocity, air
temperature and, to a lesser extent, on the area of the water surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was partially supported by the Environmental Protection Agency, under
the auspices of the National Center for Research and Training in the Hydraulic and
Hydrologie Aspects of Water Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University and by
Vanderbilt University.
REFERENCES
1 ANON., "Water-Loss Investigations: Lake Hefner Studies, Technical Report", U.S. Geological
Survey Prof. Paper, 269 and 270, U.S. Govt., Washington, D.C., (1954).
2 EDINGER, J.E., and GEYER, J.C., "Heat Exchange in the Environment", Cooling Water Studies
for Edison Electric Institute, (1965).
3 HARBECK, G.E., Jr., "A Practical Field Technique for Measuring Reservoir Evaporation Utilizing
Mass-Transfer Theory", Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 272-E, U.S. Govt. (1962).
4 NOVOTNY, V., "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Streams", Thesis presented to Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, (August, 1971).
5 RAPHAEL, J.M., "Prediction of Temperature in Rivers and Reservoirs", Journal of the Power
Division, Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., No. P02, pp. 157-181.
6 NOVOTNY, V., and KRENKEL, P.A., "Heat Transfer in Turbulent Streams", Report Number 7,
of the National Center for Research and Training in the Hydrologie and Hydraulic Aspects of
Water Pollution Control.