396
'
'J.F.Muir “ '
balances
of
a
range
of
systems
in
Thai
integrated
pig/fish.
production,
and
ndted that small integrated systems
(farm or village—pond level) showed,
particular
energy
and
protein
production
efficiency,
being one
of
the few
aquaculture systems showing energy gain.
However, in all cases, using
convention manuring application, nutrients accumulated in the ponds,
necessitating further treatment or removal.
One
Very useful concept from
this
study was that of the transport value of particular inputs;
thus
low
nutrient
or
energy—value
sources
required
to
be
located
directly
adjacent
to
the
ponds to be viably used, while higher value inputs could be brought
at
some
cost
(eg from a wider radius,
or
with
greater
inconvenienceL
This
form of
analysis can rapidly identify physical constraints in suCcessfdl
integration.
The study by Edwardson (1976) compared a range of aquaculture techniques
demonstrating that for many forms of pond culture of carp, energy requirements
were
well
in.excess
of
energy—output.
Thus
sewage
fed
systems
in
Germany
required more than 100GJ/tonne production, compared with a_food energy Value
of
2.6 GJ/tonne.
systems required 25—80 GJ/tonne.
'However
the
first
figure
is
likely
to
be
atypical
of
_completely
designed systems, as much
of
the
energy
consumption was
due
to
pumping requirements
specific to the
sewage
treatment plant.
More
typically, removal of feed energy costs Would
result
in energy
inputs Of 10—20 GJ/t (calculated from Edwardson‘s data).
one
of
the
most
critical limiting factors to most of w. European
culture
is
the
extent
to
which
pond Systems
are
capable
of
receiving and
processing waste inputs, as limited by photosynthetic activity.
In
practice,
current economic pressures would require more intensive output or more rapid
growth
be
afforded.
by
the
most energy or
approach.
"
'
‘
,
,
ECONOMIÇ ASPECTS
'
_
'
’
‘
economic
have been 'mentioned previoùSlÿï
benefits
may'
obtain
from
extent
to
whiéh such
sÿStèms satisfy Current ecbnbmiè criteria mpSt
practical
This is particularly the‘ èäèè
otherf1sh 1spe‘c_ièsf,‘
where”
been written
It
is thus very often fèasible to continde
in existing structures, bùt uhe@bnôic to invest in the
the
‘
PWrttnfunt the lPÂW pbfehtiaiin'c“omèfm'cmarp production“
often
fc‘if»
ln
integrated
systems,
the
economic
value
°°mP0nef3ts must be °PfPëîully…PPSPPPPP: «….the
rightly,
to
reCeive
management 'and
ThuStherelatlvely10W5Yêlufê…of ,.Carp culture places it at & disadvantage
forsuccessfulmtegraüon
*
“
“‘
:'9f
S‘l°h ’
C°nstmnts
"
l,.tÏiîëre are
éco’n'omic benef1tSt0
°° ga…a “emplacement 9Îf supplementaryfeed ny manure » for— example
.
hza-s thep°"°°“tlalt°I‘educevariablecosts
PP … «) thoughaddlûâlcostsmaybe mourred in; making mànu‘r‘e available
lcat10n
1h th1sspec1c 1ns
‘
(“‘T‘àiè ”4‘)
‘
&,” fïjbjè
nrd
damta11y Hwerambry …gh
’
Câpltâl CÇSt$ Qf integration are likely tO restriCt u'se
f°r 1°Wer‘VaïuespeClessuchascarp
f
'
‘
’
'
'J.F.Muir “ '
balances
of
a
range
of
systems
in
Thai
integrated
pig/fish.
production,
and
ndted that small integrated systems
(farm or village—pond level) showed,
particular
energy
and
protein
production
efficiency,
being one
of
the few
aquaculture systems showing energy gain.
However, in all cases, using
convention manuring application, nutrients accumulated in the ponds,
necessitating further treatment or removal.
One
Very useful concept from
this
study was that of the transport value of particular inputs;
thus
low
nutrient
or
energy—value
sources
required
to
be
located
directly
adjacent
to
the
ponds to be viably used, while higher value inputs could be brought
at
some
cost
(eg from a wider radius,
or
with
greater
inconvenienceL
This
form of
analysis can rapidly identify physical constraints in suCcessfdl
integration.
The study by Edwardson (1976) compared a range of aquaculture techniques
demonstrating that for many forms of pond culture of carp, energy requirements
were
well
in.excess
of
energy—output.
Thus
sewage
fed
systems
in
Germany
required more than 100GJ/tonne production, compared with a_food energy Value
of
2.6 GJ/tonne.
systems required 25—80 GJ/tonne.
'However
the
first
figure
is
likely
to
be
atypical
of
_completely
designed systems, as much
of
the
energy
consumption was
due
to
pumping requirements
specific to the
sewage
treatment plant.
More
typically, removal of feed energy costs Would
result
in energy
inputs Of 10—20 GJ/t (calculated from Edwardson‘s data).
one
of
the
most
critical limiting factors to most of w. European
culture
is
the
extent
to
which
pond Systems
are
capable
of
receiving and
processing waste inputs, as limited by photosynthetic activity.
In
practice,
current economic pressures would require more intensive output or more rapid
growth
be
afforded.
by
the
most energy or
approach.
"
'
‘
,
,
ECONOMIÇ ASPECTS
'
_
'
’
‘
economic
have been 'mentioned previoùSlÿï
benefits
may'
obtain
from
extent
to
whiéh such
sÿStèms satisfy Current ecbnbmiè criteria mpSt
practical
This is particularly the‘ èäèè
otherf1sh 1spe‘c_ièsf,‘
where”
been written
It
is thus very often fèasible to continde
in existing structures, bùt uhe@bnôic to invest in the
the
‘
PWrttnfunt the lPÂW pbfehtiaiin'c“omèfm'cmarp production“
often
fc‘if»
ln
integrated
systems,
the
economic
value
°°mP0nef3ts must be °PfPëîully…PPSPPPPP: «….the
rightly,
to
reCeive
management 'and
ThuStherelatlvely10W5Yêlufê…of ,.Carp culture places it at & disadvantage
forsuccessfulmtegraüon
*
“
“‘
:'9f
S‘l°h ’
C°nstmnts
"
l,.tÏiîëre are
éco’n'omic benef1tSt0
°° ga…a “emplacement 9Îf supplementaryfeed ny manure » for— example
.
hza-s thep°"°°“tlalt°I‘educevariablecosts
PP … «) thoughaddlûâlcostsmaybe mourred in; making mànu‘r‘e available
lcat10n
1h th1sspec1c 1ns
‘
(“‘T‘àiè ”4‘)
‘
&,” fïjbjè
nrd
damta11y Hwerambry …gh
’
Câpltâl CÇSt$ Qf integration are likely tO restriCt u'se
f°r 1°Wer‘VaïuespeClessuchascarp
f
'
‘
’