Integrated çarp tarming
395
obtained with manure—based feeding
În the
tilapia manures may be consumed directly, without being
the normal food chain, though the efficiency of such
able.
In
much
of
W.
Europe, however, the physical integration of manure
sources and fish ponds does not exist, alth0ugh the intensive methods of
animal production exist to allow the collection of
One particular‘
limitation is the lower or more variable
energy,
which will
certainly
necessitate
reduction
and finer
control
of management.
_
_
The
development of semi—intensive to intensive carp production systems,
usually on a small experimental scale, using food
or
other lower—cost formulations, often in
and solar heating, is not uncommon (see
Bryant
et al,
1980).
Although carp can be grOwn to very high
without
apparent
constraint,
has
'generally “rebtriétèâ
the viability of such capital—intensive
nôted that ih the the well—knoWn
system,
in
production costs only slightly higher than those in
et
al
(op.
cit.)
however note that care must be taken in‘ùSing'scrap feeds;
as with other species, requirements for intensive
stringent as natural feeding diminishes in importance
i982),.
‘
Ferhaps the most serious area of reCent
has
been
that
of
the
use
of
waste
particuïàr1ÿ ffÔm
effluents
(Aston et.al.l976, Hambrey,
op.cit).
Thus
Hambrey
notes
that
if
only
10%
of
the
for aquaculture are used, up to 50,000t- Of CäÎÈ ÔÔÙ1Ü be produced annually.
At constant
temperatures of 23°C
140.
ŸOluîœ
for
ïneXPerlmentalC0ndltlons’i Ë%1gî‘;99f°?F:)
notes P:C values of u
'
1noperat10notablyatLelyStadln
Nèideraussen
w; Germany,
in
sage? €PÉPÊÊÊËd
of thepowerstamns Us1ngpellet feedsx-Fh?$f°rm
jf
? aquaç‘ùi‘tu‘r‘e rgully h hghyld
FC?
9Î-ËËÎÀÊi
_
,“ihougi «feediñg is… tiytflAlthgh …
tl “Ï
in these,
lcuar
y
turbot,and eels
'
_
:
is,that it is capable'of“împrong
“energy
…SpeÈgy
“
I__t is
of
Nha B < p t > pt ttbdgttltäpghh tt
'
,_änëtï"àÿd' manure—fedaquaculturep0uds“°“ngthËlvergng
value
‘
ct‘ani‘. ÏübléÏ
fSh Pr°d“°t1°nthe
«
ts1vefish
tion
t mi wt ttmt dthf ‘“ b“d »- …d 'Î(Ïop‘g
“cat
.
3 ' notés that iri “
Ô‘Vefiii “‘e'rïergetl?
…
dry ma
heatproductlonthough
cation
in
fishponds is less prPduCtlve
_ÎL_n
W
…
t
and energy
protein value is
superior. Little(l983)
395
obtained with manure—based feeding
În the
tilapia manures may be consumed directly, without being
the normal food chain, though the efficiency of such
able.
In
much
of
W.
Europe, however, the physical integration of manure
sources and fish ponds does not exist, alth0ugh the intensive methods of
animal production exist to allow the collection of
One particular‘
limitation is the lower or more variable
energy,
which will
certainly
necessitate
reduction
and finer
control
of management.
_
_
The
development of semi—intensive to intensive carp production systems,
usually on a small experimental scale, using food
or
other lower—cost formulations, often in
and solar heating, is not uncommon (see
Bryant
et al,
1980).
Although carp can be grOwn to very high
without
apparent
constraint,
has
'generally “rebtriétèâ
the viability of such capital—intensive
nôted that ih the the well—knoWn
system,
in
production costs only slightly higher than those in
et
al
(op.
cit.)
however note that care must be taken in‘ùSing'scrap feeds;
as with other species, requirements for intensive
stringent as natural feeding diminishes in importance
i982),.
‘
Ferhaps the most serious area of reCent
has
been
that
of
the
use
of
waste
particuïàr1ÿ ffÔm
effluents
(Aston et.al.l976, Hambrey,
op.cit).
Thus
Hambrey
notes
that
if
only
10%
of
the
for aquaculture are used, up to 50,000t- Of CäÎÈ ÔÔÙ1Ü be produced annually.
At constant
temperatures of 23°C
140.
ŸOluîœ
for
ïneXPerlmentalC0ndltlons’i Ë%1gî‘;99f°?F:)
notes P:C values of u
'
1noperat10notablyatLelyStadln
Nèideraussen
w; Germany,
in
sage? €PÉPÊÊÊËd
of thepowerstamns Us1ngpellet feedsx-Fh?$f°rm
jf
? aquaç‘ùi‘tu‘r‘e rgully h hghyld
FC?
9Î-ËËÎÀÊi
_
,“ihougi «feediñg is… tiytflAlthgh …
tl “Ï
in these,
lcuar
y
turbot,and eels
'
_
:
is,that it is capable'of“împrong
“energy
…SpeÈgy
“
I__t is
of
Nha B < p t > pt ttbdgttltäpghh tt
'
,_änëtï"àÿd' manure—fedaquaculturep0uds“°“ngthËlvergng
value
‘
ct‘ani‘. ÏübléÏ
fSh Pr°d“°t1°nthe
«
ts1vefish
tion
t mi wt ttmt dthf ‘“ b“d »- …d 'Î(Ïop‘g
“cat
.
3 ' notés that iri “
Ô‘Vefiii “‘e'rïergetl?
…
dry ma
heatproductlonthough
cation
in
fishponds is less prPduCtlve
_ÎL_n
W
…
t
and energy
protein value is
superior. Little(l983)