392
J.F.Muir
INTRODUCTION
Carp culture in Western Europe, although possessing the longest history
and
tradition
of
aquaculture
activity
in
the
region,
(see,
e.g.
1972, O‘Grady and Spillet, 1985), has to a considerable extent been
by
other
forms
of
aquaculture.
(Muir,
1985).
Unlike
the
counterpart
culture
of
Indian
and
Chinese
carpe
in
their
respective
regions,
growth
and
market
interest
has
not
lead
to
the
same
degree of development in
last two decades.
It is against.“this background that the role of
grated
carp
farming in W.
Europe must
be
assessed:
the
most
interesting
question may be whether the many
potential
advantages
of
integrating fish
culture
with
other
activities,
agricultural
or
industrial,
will
apply to
carp
culture
to
the
extent
required
to
stimulate
growth
in
the industry
to
the levels
observed
in other
At
present,
of
a
total
production
of
some
20,000
tonnes
in
Europe,—
much
derives
from
small,
traditionally run extensive operations,
producing
less
than
5
tonnes
annually,
with
yields
in
the
range
of
0.5
—
1.5
tonnes
per
hectare.
By
contrast
many
of
the
improved methods
of
pond
culture,
such as
those
developed in Israel, Japan, and Taiwan, use controlled
fertilisation,
supplementary feeding and polyculture,
or
multiple
to
achieve
total
yields
of
5
—
10
tonnes
per
ha.
per
year,
of
which
30—
40% may
be carp
(comm0nly Cyp‘rinu's
carpio
and
Hypophthalmichthys,
molitrix).
(Hep‘her and Pruginin, 1981, Hepher, _19'85).
As
land
and water «
constraints become more significant in France and Germany, the main producer
countries ‘(B0hi, 1981), so_ supplies of farmed 'car'p increasingly originaté
fi=om'Eastern Êurb‘pe and Israel, where economics, better growth and «pro—j
ductivity,
‘improved‘ “techniques permit“ mere
'
techniquès,“defined as those where the
aquaculture
linked
directly'to one ‘or’ more other
use ofinfr‘aiStruct‘ure or resources, is recognÎSêd
ebonom‘iC viability of the separate
'
‘
integrated operation ”(see“ e.‘g.‘
'àrid”Shehadéh,
Muir,l98l)
The
"of
techniques, their prospects and their
nowbe'
"
'
;
'
«'
;»
_.
:
APPÉOÀÔHE‘S‘ÎQ
'
'
"
"
‘
"
'
'
Integrated
aquaculture
systems
may
be
broadly
grouped
into
several
main
types.
,
Further distinctions may also be made according
to
whether integration
üreet“of “indirect
the
some distance apart, _or_ if
intermediate
projcessing
is
required
to
__'i‘ntjegratçg
j' ç>i° jWheÏt’her’ integration “ié "pefa1‘1fèi
°°mDonents l‘un
Î't1ç1é… Same
î“df if, ‘e . g“£c fï“sÏhfc”ropfs "fun : alternately >
' _
'
‘
*
‘
'
’
“
î‘*‘î
‘
Ofthese
_
…
,?S.
lnvery ‘îî'ëw lnstances and1n
few" forme; " Pè‘fhàpè the ‘
m°St
well—knowneX3—mples arethose
treatmelt
;
‘
pdf Mnh
,
ien,e_îgïthe‘ met prdut
in power“ …
’
è‘îïîçf%ÿu?9t
0fm
1 1
eeeg'h'td th
…… eephl
thmfd …… ee eeexe ;…
and
?emen °PClt)and
the grass—carpweed éôñt‘;rôi"
S' of iE‘àÿî>t
1… th h bu… eme—f 11
-
W? pt
… t p… h b d p lt
"
'
;
>;;‘;
;
tï
;
‘;î‘=:Ï'i;
::;“l;:;“
J£»
"y,xr;
,—
;
;
;
;';;;5…
{;;-";
r;;;;;
;';
…;
;;;
;;’;;;
;
;
;
;
\
\H
J.F.Muir
INTRODUCTION
Carp culture in Western Europe, although possessing the longest history
and
tradition
of
aquaculture
activity
in
the
region,
(see,
e.g.
1972, O‘Grady and Spillet, 1985), has to a considerable extent been
by
other
forms
of
aquaculture.
(Muir,
1985).
Unlike
the
counterpart
culture
of
Indian
and
Chinese
carpe
in
their
respective
regions,
growth
and
market
interest
has
not
lead
to
the
same
degree of development in
last two decades.
It is against.“this background that the role of
grated
carp
farming in W.
Europe must
be
assessed:
the
most
interesting
question may be whether the many
potential
advantages
of
integrating fish
culture
with
other
activities,
agricultural
or
industrial,
will
apply to
carp
culture
to
the
extent
required
to
stimulate
growth
in
the industry
to
the levels
observed
in other
At
present,
of
a
total
production
of
some
20,000
tonnes
in
Europe,—
much
derives
from
small,
traditionally run extensive operations,
producing
less
than
5
tonnes
annually,
with
yields
in
the
range
of
0.5
—
1.5
tonnes
per
hectare.
By
contrast
many
of
the
improved methods
of
pond
culture,
such as
those
developed in Israel, Japan, and Taiwan, use controlled
fertilisation,
supplementary feeding and polyculture,
or
multiple
to
achieve
total
yields
of
5
—
10
tonnes
per
ha.
per
year,
of
which
30—
40% may
be carp
(comm0nly Cyp‘rinu's
carpio
and
Hypophthalmichthys,
molitrix).
(Hep‘her and Pruginin, 1981, Hepher, _19'85).
As
land
and water «
constraints become more significant in France and Germany, the main producer
countries ‘(B0hi, 1981), so_ supplies of farmed 'car'p increasingly originaté
fi=om'Eastern Êurb‘pe and Israel, where economics, better growth and «pro—j
ductivity,
‘improved‘ “techniques permit“ mere
'
techniquès,“defined as those where the
aquaculture
linked
directly'to one ‘or’ more other
use ofinfr‘aiStruct‘ure or resources, is recognÎSêd
ebonom‘iC viability of the separate
'
‘
integrated operation ”(see“ e.‘g.‘
'àrid”Shehadéh,
Muir,l98l)
The
"of
techniques, their prospects and their
nowbe'
"
'
;
'
«'
;»
_.
:
APPÉOÀÔHE‘S‘ÎQ
'
'
"
"
‘
"
'
'
Integrated
aquaculture
systems
may
be
broadly
grouped
into
several
main
types.
,
Further distinctions may also be made according
to
whether integration
üreet“of “indirect
the
some distance apart, _or_ if
intermediate
projcessing
is
required
to
__'i‘ntjegratçg
j' ç>i° jWheÏt’her’ integration “ié "pefa1‘1fèi
°°mDonents l‘un
Î't1ç1é… Same
î“df if, ‘e . g“£c fï“sÏhfc”ropfs "fun : alternately >
' _
'
‘
*
‘
'
’
“
î‘*‘î
‘
Ofthese
_
…
,?S.
lnvery ‘îî'ëw lnstances and1n
few" forme; " Pè‘fhàpè the ‘
m°St
well—knowneX3—mples arethose
treatmelt
;
‘
pdf Mnh
,
ien,e_îgïthe‘ met prdut
in power“ …
’
è‘îïîçf%ÿu?9t
0fm
1 1
eeeg'h'td th
…… eephl
thmfd …… ee eeexe ;…
and
?emen °PClt)and
the grass—carpweed éôñt‘;rôi"
S' of iE‘àÿî>t
-
W? pt
… t p… h b d p lt
"
'
;
>;;‘;
;
tï
;
‘;î‘=:Ï'i;
::;“l;:;“
J£»
"y,xr;
,—
;
;
;
;';;;5…
{;;-";
r;;;;;
;';
…;
;;;
;;’;;;
;
;
;
;
\
\H