Mitosis (M) follows to restore the diploid state, accompanied by cell division.
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the G1, S and G2 phases.
Cell differentiation Process by which descendants of a shared mother cell obtain
and maintain their structural and functional characteristics.
Cell fusion Fusing of two cells from different clones to form a single mixed cell.
Cell fusion can be achieved relatively easily through use of dead Sendai virus.
Cell fusion The coming together of two cells to form one cell, not necessarily
accompanied by fusion of the two cell nuclei.
Cell plate A planar array of vesicles containing cell wall material that assembles
during early cytokinesis and gives rise by centrifugal extension to new
cross-walls; present in certain green and brown algae and in land plants
(embryophytes).
Cell sorting When groups of differentiated cells from multicellular organisms are
artificially scattered and mixed together, different cells separate to form different
agglomerations. This is known as cell sorting.
Cell-free system Any mixture of cell components reconstituted in vitro in which
processes such as translation, transcription and DNA replication can be studied.
Central dogma Hypothesis on the interrelationships among the basic functions of
DNA, RNA, and proteins. It holds that DNA serves as a model for its own
replication and RNA, while RNA is a model for protein translation. The flow of
genetic information thus proceeds from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Chambon’s rule Splicing is the series of reactions through which unexpressed
portions of RNA molecules created through gene transcription are removed and
neighboring expressed sequences are linked together. In such cases, the 5’ end of
the unexpressed portion is typically a GU, while the 3’ end is an AG. This is
known as Chambon’s rule.
Chimera Organism consisting of cells with two or more different genetic
properties or tissues from different animal species.
Chi-square test Testing with the chi-square distribution is used to examine the
appropriateness of theoretical and actual values calculated based on a specific
hypothesis.
Chloroplast Green organelle found in the cytoplasm of the photosynthetic cells of
plants and algae, and in which the reactions of photosynthesis take place.
A chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane and contains a system of
internal membranes (thylakoids) embedded in the matrix or stroma. The
thylakoid membranes contain the green pigment chlorophyll and other pigments
involved in light collection, electron-transport chains and ATP synthase, and are
the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH are
generated. The dark reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbohydrate is
428
Glossary
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the G1, S and G2 phases.
Cell differentiation Process by which descendants of a shared mother cell obtain
and maintain their structural and functional characteristics.
Cell fusion Fusing of two cells from different clones to form a single mixed cell.
Cell fusion can be achieved relatively easily through use of dead Sendai virus.
Cell fusion The coming together of two cells to form one cell, not necessarily
accompanied by fusion of the two cell nuclei.
Cell plate A planar array of vesicles containing cell wall material that assembles
during early cytokinesis and gives rise by centrifugal extension to new
cross-walls; present in certain green and brown algae and in land plants
(embryophytes).
Cell sorting When groups of differentiated cells from multicellular organisms are
artificially scattered and mixed together, different cells separate to form different
agglomerations. This is known as cell sorting.
Cell-free system Any mixture of cell components reconstituted in vitro in which
processes such as translation, transcription and DNA replication can be studied.
Central dogma Hypothesis on the interrelationships among the basic functions of
DNA, RNA, and proteins. It holds that DNA serves as a model for its own
replication and RNA, while RNA is a model for protein translation. The flow of
genetic information thus proceeds from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Chambon’s rule Splicing is the series of reactions through which unexpressed
portions of RNA molecules created through gene transcription are removed and
neighboring expressed sequences are linked together. In such cases, the 5’ end of
the unexpressed portion is typically a GU, while the 3’ end is an AG. This is
known as Chambon’s rule.
Chimera Organism consisting of cells with two or more different genetic
properties or tissues from different animal species.
Chi-square test Testing with the chi-square distribution is used to examine the
appropriateness of theoretical and actual values calculated based on a specific
hypothesis.
Chloroplast Green organelle found in the cytoplasm of the photosynthetic cells of
plants and algae, and in which the reactions of photosynthesis take place.
A chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane and contains a system of
internal membranes (thylakoids) embedded in the matrix or stroma. The
thylakoid membranes contain the green pigment chlorophyll and other pigments
involved in light collection, electron-transport chains and ATP synthase, and are
the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH are
generated. The dark reactions of photosynthesis, in which carbohydrate is
428
Glossary