5.5.3 Gene Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
(AFLP) and Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.5.4 Microsatellite DNA Polymorphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5.5 Computer Software Use in Population Analysis . . . . . . 125
5.6 Research Applying DNA Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.6.1 DNA Polymorph Marker Sensitivity and Use . . . . . . . . 125
5.6.2 Genetic Diversity and Population Structure
in Wild Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.6.3 Farming Population Variability and Line
Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6.4 Genetic Diversity in Chromosomally Manipulated
Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.6.5 Assessing Genetic Diversity in Endangered Species . . . 129
5.6.6 Inbreeding Coefficient Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.6.7 Diagonosis Parentage and Estimating Effective Size
of Artificial Seedling Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.6.8 Tracking Studies for Released Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.6.9 Future Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7 New Marine Breeding with DNA Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7.1 Reasons for Using Genetic Marker Selective
Breeding in Marine Fisheries Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.7.2 Selective Breeding with Genetic Markers:
An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.3 Current State of Research Toward Selective Marine
Breeding with Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.7.4 Analyzing Unknown Gene Loci Associated with
Beneficial Marine Fish Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.7.5 DNA Marker Identification of Gene Loci Associated
with Conditions in Human Beings
and Other Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.8 Chapter Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6 Seaweed Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2 Mass Production of Seaweeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3 Tissue Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.4 Protoplast Production in Seaweed Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.5 Cell Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.6 Gene Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.7 Future Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.8 Industrial Applications of Seaweeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
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(AFLP) and Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.5.4 Microsatellite DNA Polymorphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5.5 Computer Software Use in Population Analysis . . . . . . 125
5.6 Research Applying DNA Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.6.1 DNA Polymorph Marker Sensitivity and Use . . . . . . . . 125
5.6.2 Genetic Diversity and Population Structure
in Wild Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.6.3 Farming Population Variability and Line
Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6.4 Genetic Diversity in Chromosomally Manipulated
Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.6.5 Assessing Genetic Diversity in Endangered Species . . . 129
5.6.6 Inbreeding Coefficient Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.6.7 Diagonosis Parentage and Estimating Effective Size
of Artificial Seedling Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.6.8 Tracking Studies for Released Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.6.9 Future Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7 New Marine Breeding with DNA Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7.1 Reasons for Using Genetic Marker Selective
Breeding in Marine Fisheries Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.7.2 Selective Breeding with Genetic Markers:
An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.7.3 Current State of Research Toward Selective Marine
Breeding with Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.7.4 Analyzing Unknown Gene Loci Associated with
Beneficial Marine Fish Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.7.5 DNA Marker Identification of Gene Loci Associated
with Conditions in Human Beings
and Other Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.8 Chapter Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6 Seaweed Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2 Mass Production of Seaweeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3 Tissue Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.4 Protoplast Production in Seaweed Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.5 Cell Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.6 Gene Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.7 Future Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.8 Industrial Applications of Seaweeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Contents
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