36 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
The detection limit for various polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocylces achieved
by this method are quoted in Table 2.5. They are usually in the range of 0.3–15 pg per
injection.
2.4.8 Miscellaneous
Smolenkov et al [203] have described an ion chromatography method for the
investigation of unsymmetrical hydrazine degradation in soils.
Zhang et al [204] used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to study the dissipations of the plant growth regulator hexamioc acid 2-(diethylamino) ethyl ester
through biological processes in soil. For this purpose, a single step was used to extract
this compound with dichloromethane from the aqueous-acetone extracts of soil. Average recoveries in soil were between 85% and 104% at both spiking levels 0.01 and
0.1 mg kg
−1 studied relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 11% for all of
the recovery tests.
Krone et al [184] used capillary column gas chromatography with nitrogenspecific detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine nitrogencontaining aromatics originating from creosote oil in solvent extracts of sediments
taken in Eagle Harbour, Puget Sound and in contaminated soils. Organic sediment
extracts and the commercial creosote oil were fractionated by silica alumina column
chromatography. No nitrogen-containing aromatics were detected in sediments from
a pristine reference area.
Smolenkav et al [317] investigated the use of ion chromatography as a tool in the
investigation of unsymmetrical hydrazine degradation in soil.
2.5 SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
Very few studies have been conducted on the determination of sulphur and phosphorus
compounds in soil.
David and Seiber et al [205] compared the efficiencies of various extraction
techniques, including supercritical fluid [206], high-pressure solvent and Soxhlet
extraction, for the removal of organophosphorus hydraulic fluids from soil. Highpressure solvent extraction at temperatures up to 200
◦ C and pressures up to 17 MPa
was the favoured technique. Extraction efficiencies were similar in all three methods,
but the favoured method was more rapid and less expensive to operate.
Ingram et al [206] applied static secondary ion mass spectrometry to determine
down to 70 pg/m
2 of tributyl phosphate in soil surfaces.
Garlucci et al [207] discuss a method for determining tetrahydrothiophen contaminant in soil using headspace high-resolution gas chromatography together with mass
spectrometry. Down to 10 ng of this substance could be determined.
2.6 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Contamination of the environment with volatile organic compounds has become
important over the past few decades since many volatile organic compounds are toxic
The detection limit for various polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocylces achieved
by this method are quoted in Table 2.5. They are usually in the range of 0.3–15 pg per
injection.
2.4.8 Miscellaneous
Smolenkov et al [203] have described an ion chromatography method for the
investigation of unsymmetrical hydrazine degradation in soils.
Zhang et al [204] used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to study the dissipations of the plant growth regulator hexamioc acid 2-(diethylamino) ethyl ester
through biological processes in soil. For this purpose, a single step was used to extract
this compound with dichloromethane from the aqueous-acetone extracts of soil. Average recoveries in soil were between 85% and 104% at both spiking levels 0.01 and
0.1 mg kg
−1 studied relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 11% for all of
the recovery tests.
Krone et al [184] used capillary column gas chromatography with nitrogenspecific detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine nitrogencontaining aromatics originating from creosote oil in solvent extracts of sediments
taken in Eagle Harbour, Puget Sound and in contaminated soils. Organic sediment
extracts and the commercial creosote oil were fractionated by silica alumina column
chromatography. No nitrogen-containing aromatics were detected in sediments from
a pristine reference area.
Smolenkav et al [317] investigated the use of ion chromatography as a tool in the
investigation of unsymmetrical hydrazine degradation in soil.
2.5 SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
Very few studies have been conducted on the determination of sulphur and phosphorus
compounds in soil.
David and Seiber et al [205] compared the efficiencies of various extraction
techniques, including supercritical fluid [206], high-pressure solvent and Soxhlet
extraction, for the removal of organophosphorus hydraulic fluids from soil. Highpressure solvent extraction at temperatures up to 200
◦ C and pressures up to 17 MPa
was the favoured technique. Extraction efficiencies were similar in all three methods,
but the favoured method was more rapid and less expensive to operate.
Ingram et al [206] applied static secondary ion mass spectrometry to determine
down to 70 pg/m
2 of tributyl phosphate in soil surfaces.
Garlucci et al [207] discuss a method for determining tetrahydrothiophen contaminant in soil using headspace high-resolution gas chromatography together with mass
spectrometry. Down to 10 ng of this substance could be determined.
2.6 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Contamination of the environment with volatile organic compounds has become
important over the past few decades since many volatile organic compounds are toxic