13.4.4 Environmental Contamination by PCBs
239
13.4.4.1 Wildlife Exposure to PCBs
240
13.4.4.2 Human Exposure to PCBs
241
13.4.5 Metabolism of PCBs
241
13.4.6 Toxicity of PCBs
242
13.4.7 Biological Effects of PCBs
243
13.5 Polybrominated Biphenyls
244
13.5.1 Introduction
244
13.5.2 Chemistry of PBBs
244
13.5.3 Toxicity of PBBs
245
13.5.4 Biological Effects of PBBs
245
13.6 Dioxins
246
13.6.1 Introduction
246
13.6.2 Exposure to Dioxins
246
13.6.3 Toxicity of Dioxins
247
13.6.3.1 Toxicity of Dioxins in Animals
247
13.6.3.2 Toxicity of Dioxins in Birds
248
13.6.3.3 Toxicity of Dioxins in Humans
248
13.6.4 Gene Regulation by Dioxins
249
13.6.5 Environmental Degradation of TCDD
251
13.7 References
251
13.8 Review Questions
253
CHAPTER 14 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
255
14.1 Introduction
255
14.2 Review of Hormonal Function
255
14.3 Characteristics of Endocrine Disrupters
258
14.4 Mode of Action
260
14.5 Examples of Endocrine Disruption
261
14.5.1 Induction of Developmental Toxicity
262
14.5.2 Estrogen Mimics
262
14.5.3 Induction of Sterility
263
14.5.4 Antiandrogens
263
14.5.5 Induction of Imposex
264
14.5.6 Hypothyroidism
264
14.6 Hormonal Cancers
264
14.6.1 Introduction
264
14.6.2 Hormonal Cancers in Farmers
265
14.7 Testing Estrogenicity
266
14.8 References
266
14.9 Review Questions
267
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Prelims Page: xxi 4-24